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Developmental Goals of Different Categories of Persons.
Category of Person
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Developmental Goals / Aspirations
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Landless rural labourers
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More days of work and better wages; local school is able to provide quality education for their children; there is no social discrimination and they too can become leaders in the village.
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Prosperous farmers from Punjab
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Assured a high family income through higher support prices Punjab for their crops and through hardworking and cheap labourers; they should be able to settle their children abroad.
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Farmers who depend only on rain for growing crops
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A rural woman from a land Owning family
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Urban unemployed youth
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A boy from a rich urban family
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A girl from a rich urban family
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She gets as much freedom as her brother and is able to decide what she wants to do in life. She is able to pursue her studies abroad.
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An Adivasi from Narmada valley
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Why do different persons have different notions of development? Which of the following explanations is more important and why?
(a) Because people are different.
(b) Because life situations of persons are different.
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Do the following two statements mean the same? Justify your answer.
(a) People have different developmental goals.
(b) People have conflicting developmental goals.
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Give some examples where factors other than income are important aspects of our lives.
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Explain some of the important ideas of the above section (income and other goals) in your own words.
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Look at the picture given below. What should be the developmental goals for such an area?
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Read this newspaper report and answer the questions that follow
A vessel dumped 500 tonnes of liquid toxic wastes into open-air dumps in a city and in the surrounding sea. This happened in a city called Abidjan in Ivory Coast, a country in Africa. The fumes from the highly toxic waste caused nausea,skin rashes, fainting, diarrhoea etc. After a month seven persons were dead, twenty in hospital and twenty six thousand treated for symptoms of poisoning. A multinational company dealing in petroleum and metals has contracted a local company of the Ivory Coast to dispose the toxic waste from its ship.
(i) Who are the people who benefited and who did not?
(ii) What should be the developmental goal for this country?
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What can be some of the developmental goals for your village, town or locality?
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1. Give three examples where an average is used for comparing situations.
2. Why do you think average income is an important criterion for development? Explain.
3. Besides size of per capita income, what other property of income is important in comparing two or more societies?
4. Suppose records show that the average income in a country has been increasing over a period of time.
5. From the text, find out the per capita income level of middle-income countries as per WDR 2006.
6. Write a paragraph on your notion of what should India do, or achieve, to become a developed country.
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Look at data in Tables 1.3 and 1.4. Is Punjab ahead of Bihar in literacy rate etc as it is in terms of per capita income?
Table 1.3 : Per Capita Income of Select States
State
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Per Capita Income for 2002-03 (in `)
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Punjab
Kerala
Bihar
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26000
22600
5700
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Table 1.4 : Some Comparative Data on Punjab, Kerala and Bihar
State
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Infant Mortality Rate Per 1000
(2003)
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Literacy Rate (%) (2001)
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Met Attendance Ratio for Class 1-V (1995-96)
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Punjab
Kerala
Bihar
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49
11
60
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70
91
47
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81
91
41
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Explanation of some of the terms used in this table.
Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live children born in that particular year.
Literacy Rate measures the proportion of literate population in the 7 and above age group.
Net Attendance Ratio is the total number of children of age group 6-10 attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.
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Think of other examples where collective provision of goods and services is cheaper than individual provision.
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Does availability of good health & educational facilities depend only on amount of money spent by the government on these facilities? What other factors could be relevant?
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In Tamil Nadu, 75% of the people living in rural areas use a ration shop, whereas in Jharkhand only 8% of rural people do so. Where would people be better off and why?
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Study Table 1.5 carefully and fill in the blanks in the following paragraphs. For this, you may need to make calculations based on the table.
Category
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Male
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Female
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Literature rate for rural population
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52%
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19%
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Literature rate for children in age group 10-14 years
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68%
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39%
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Percentage of rural children aged 10-14 attending school
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64%
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31%
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(a) The literacy rate for all age groups, including young and old, is _______for rural males and _______for rural females. However, it is not just that these many adults could not attend schools but that there are _____who are currently not in school.
(b) It is clear from the table that_________ % of rural girls and_______ % of rural boys are not attending schools. Therefore, illiteracy among children in the age group 10-14 is as high as_____ % for rural females and _______% for rural males.
(c) This high level of illiteracy among ________age group, even after more than 60 years of our independence, is most disturbing. In many other states also we are nowhere near realization of the constitutional goal of free and compulsory education for all children up to the age of 14, which was expected to be achieved by 1960.
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Development of a country can generally be determined by
(i)its per capita income
(ii) its average literacy level
(iii)health status of its people
(iv) All of these
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Which of the following neighboring countries of India has better performance in terms of human development than India?
(i) Bangladesh
(ii) Sri Lanka
(iii) Nepal
(iv) Pakistan
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Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is ` 5000. If the income of three families is ` 4000, `7000 and ` 3000 respectively, what is the income of the fourth family?
(a)`7500 (b) `3000 (c) ` 2000 (d) `6000
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What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the limitations of this criterion, if any?
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In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the one used by the World Bank?
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Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples related to development?
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Kerala, with a lower per capita income has a better, human development ranking than Punjab. Hence, the per capita income is not a useful criterion at all, and should not be used to compare states. Do you agree? Discuss.
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Find out the present sources of energy used by people in India. What could be the possibilities fifty years from now?
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Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
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"The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person". How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.
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List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.
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For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is at the bottom.
Some Data Regarding India and its Neighbours for 2004
Country
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Per Capita Income in US$
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Life
Expectancy
at Birth
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Literacy Rate for 15+ yrs
Population
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Gross Enrolment Ratio –for Three Levels
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HDI Rank in the World
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Sri Lanka
India
Myanmar
Pakistan
Nepal
Bangladesh
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4390
3139
1027
2225
1490
1870
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74
64
61
63
62
63
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91
61
90
50
50
41
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69
60
48
35
61
33
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93
126
130
134
138
137
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Notes
1. HDI stands for Human Development Index. HDI ranks in above table are out of 177 countries in all.
2. Life expectancy at birth denotes, as the name suggests, average expected length of life of a person at the time of birth.
3. Gross Enrolment Ratio for three levels means enrolment ratio for primary school, secondary school and higher education beyond secondary school.
4. Per capita income is calculated in dollars for all countries so that it can be compared. It is also done in a way so that every dollar would buy the same amount of goods and services in any country.
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The table shows the proportion of undernourished adults in India. It is based on a survey of various states in the country for the year 2001. Look at the table and answer the following questions.
State
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Male (%)
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Female (%)
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Kerala
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
All States
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22
36
43
37
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19
38
42
36
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(i) Compare the nutritional level of the people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.
(ii) Can you guess why around 40% of the people in the country are undernourished even though it is arguedthat there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words.
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