Chronology of Biological Discoveries
Category : 11th Class
460-377 Hippocrates : Used the plants in medicine (Father of B.C. medicine).
384-322 Aristotle : Initiated study of biology (Father of biology). B.C.
370-285 Theophrastus : Described 480 kinds of plants in 'Historia
B.C. Plantarum' (Father of botany) and writer of 'cause of plants'.
1590 Invention of the first microscope by Jenssen and Zacharis Jenssen
1665 Discovery of the cellular structure (cells) in cork : Robert Hooke described in book 'Micrographia'.
1675 Anatomia Plantarum : Book by Marcello Malpighi.
1683 Initial separation of bacteria : Antony Von Leeuwenhoek (of Holland) 'animalcules' named.
1694 Malpighi illustrated stomata and parenchyma.
1694 Camerarius described sexual reproduction of plants and importance of pollination.
1727 Stephan Hales discovered idea of manufacture of food by green plants in sunlight. Father of plant physiology.
1753 Species Plantarum and Genera Plantarum books (Linnaeus) Carl Van Linnae. Systema Naturae, Binomial nomenclature, father of taxonomy.
1759 C.F. Wolff established embryology, gave 'epigenesis' concept.
1761 Discovery of the sexuality of plants : Joseph Gottleib Koelreuter.
1779 Discovery of photosynthesis : Jan Ingenhousz.
1783 First studies of the biology of flowers : Christian Konard Sprengel.
1790 Metamorphosender pflanzen concept of plant metamorphosis : Johann Wolfgang Von Goethe.
1802 Lamarck and Treviranus proposed the term 'Biology'.
1804 Researches chimiques surla vegetation, discovery of the gaseous exchange of plants : Nicolas Theodore de Saussure.
1809 J.B. Lamarck. Theory of inheritance of acquired characters 'philosophie zoolozique' book, use and disuse concept.
1809 Charles Darwin (England) voyage on 'Beagle' ship, 'origin of species' (1859) book. Theory of natural selection and survival of fittest influenced by Malthus.
1817 P. Caventon, discovery and naming of chlorophyll.
1824 Discovery of endosmosis by H.J. Dutrochet, also suggested that all plants and animals are made of cells.
1828 Brownian movement : Robert Brown.
1830 J.E. Purkinje studied movements and pollination.
1831 'Nucleus' in plant cells : Robert Brown
1835 Nucleolus named by Bowman (1840) and first seen by Fontana (1781) but described by Schleiden M.J. (1835)
1835 Named Sarcode for cell fluid : Dujardin M. J.
1837 Named protoplasm : Purkinje J. E.
1838 T.R. Malthus : Suggested that human population increases much faster than food production.
1839 G.J. Mulder : Named proteins.
1839 Cell theory by German Scientists M.J. Schleiden (Botanist) and T. Schwann (Zoologist).
1840 Study of cell division : Hofmeister.
1840 Mineral nutrition of plants, established overthrow of the humus theory : Justus Von Liebig.
1842 R. Mayer : Light energy changed to chemical energy in photosynthesis.
1844 Properties of protoplasm : Hugo Von Mohl.
1845 Law of conservation of energy : Julius Robert Von Mayer.
1846 Plant cells arise from pre-existing cells : K. Nageli.
1851 Discovery of the homologies in plant reproduction : Wilheim Hofmeister.
1854 Thuret observed sexual union in algae Fucus.
1857 George Bentham and Joseph Dalton Hooker published 'Genera Plantarum''.
1858 , 'Omnis cellula e cellula' (cells originate from pre-existing cells) R. Virchow.
1859 C. R. Darwin : Theory of Natural Selection, 'Origin of species' book.
1861 'Protoplasmic Theory' : Max Schultze.
1862 A. Kolliker introduced the term 'cytoplasm'
1863 Proposition of natural system of classification of angiosperms. George Bentham together with Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker.
1864 L. Pasteur : Proposed germ theory of diseases.
1865 'Plastid' name given : E. Haeckel.
1866 Haeckel 'Recapitulation theory, coined the term protista.
1866 G.J. Mendel Austrian monk : Laws of inheritance (Heredity). Father of genetics, worked on pea plant.
1868 T. H. Huxley : Protoplasm as the physical basis of life.
1869 Isolation of nuclein (DNA) from nuclei of pus cells : F. Meischer.
1870 W. His invented microtome.
1873 E. Strasburger observed cell division and nuclear division.
1875 Hertwig and Van Beneden both described fertilization between sperm and egg nuclei.
1876 Identification of the Anthrax bacillus as a pathogen of cattles : Robert Koch..
1878 J. Lister : obtained pure cultures of bacteria for the first time.
1878 W. Kuhne coined the term 'enzymes' for 'ferment' of yeast.
1880 Discovery of mitochondria : A. Kollicker.
1882 'Chromatin' : W. Flemming, described chromosome splitting used the word 'mitosis'.
1883 Schimper named chloroplasts, the special bodies of Sach (1865) and green granules of Comparatti (1791).
1884 E. Strasburger : Observed fertilization and cell division in plants, used terms cytoplasm and nucleoplasm.
1886 John Ray published 'Historia Generalis Plantarum'.
1888 'Chromosome' name W. Weldeyer but first seen by Hofmeister (1848)
1888 Centrosome and centriole : T. Boveri.
1892 D. Iwanowski (Russian) discovered T.M.V. virus.
1892 A. Weissman (1834–1914) : Theory of germplasm.
1892 D. Hertwig : Published monograph 'The cells and tissues' established 'cytology'.
1893 Astral–rays : Fol.
1894 R. Altmann : Discovered mitochondria described as bioplast.
1895 Dixon and Jolly advocated cohesion tension theory for ascent of sap.
1897 'Mitochondrion' : C. Benda.
1898 E. Buchner named 'Zymase' the enzymes of yeast.
1898 S. G. Nawaschin recorded double fertilization in angiosperms.
1898 Camilio Golgi discovered golgi apparatus in nerve cell of owl.
1899 Altmann : Introduced term 'nucleic acids' to replace nuclein.
1899 Adolf Engler and K. Prantl published 'Die Naturlichem Pfianzenfamilen system' of plant classification.
1900 Rediscovery of Mendel's laws : Erich Tschermak; Carl Correns and Hugo de Vries.
1901 Die Mutations theory : Studies on Oenothera, theory of mutations– Hugo de Vries (1840–1935).
1901 Jule and Merbeck : Parthenogenesis.
1902 C. E. McClung : Identified sex chromosomes in grasshopper.
1902 'Chromosome theory' : Sutton and Boveri.
1904 Blakeslee : Discovered 'heterothallism' in Mucor.
1905 W. Bateson : Coined the term 'genetics'.
1905 Robert Koch :'Microbiology' term given; gave Koch's postulates for germ theory.
1905 Name 'meiosis' : Farmer and Moore.
1908 Winkler : Apomixis.
1909 W. L. Johansen coined the word 'gene'
1915 R. M. Willstater : Structure of chlorophyll.
1915 Twort and d' Herelle : Bacteriophage.
1920 Garner and Allard : work on Photoperiodism.
1921 C.C. Bridges : Discovered duplication, deficiencies and translocations in chromosomes.
1924 Feulgen and H. Rossenbeck : Staining of DNA in cells.
1924 Oparin : Origin of life, materialistic theory.
1926 T. Svedberg : Invented ultra–centrifuge (Nobel Prize).
1926 Went : Carried out avena curvature test (auxins).
1928 Griffith : Transformation in pneumococcus bacteria.
1929 A. Fleming : Discovered Pencillin antibiotic from Penicillium notatum.
1930 Fuelgen and Behrens : RNA in cells.
1931 Zirnike : Phase contrast microscope.
1931 O.H. Warburg : Respiratory pigments and enzymes (Nobel Prize).
1931 Van Niel : Photosynthesis in sulphur bacteria, photolysis (\[{{O}_{2}}\]origin from water).
1932 Electron microscope : M. Knoll and E. Ruska.
1933 T.H. Morgan was awarded Nobel Prize for development of gene theory, discovered linkage of genes.
1934 Kogl and Haagen Smit isolated IAA from human urine.
1934 John Hutchinson put forward phylogenetic system of plant classification.
1935 James Danielli and H. Davson proposed a molecular model of plasma membrane, showing trilamellar structure.
1935 Tensley : Ecosystem term given.
1935 Crystallization of the tabacco mosaic virus (TMV) : W.M. Stanley.
1937 Robin Hill : Demonstrated the release of molecular oxygen by illumination of isolated chloroplasts in photosynthesis.
1937 Hans Krebs explained citric acid cycle.
1938 Yabuta and Sumiki : Isolated the first Gibberellin from Gibberella fujikuroi.
1941 Ruben and Kamen : Used \[{{O}^{18}}\] isotopes to prove photolysis of water in photosynthesis.
1944 Beadle and Tatum : One gene one enzyme concept (Neurospora).
1944 Claude : Microsomes.
1944 Avery, Mcleod, McCarthy proved DNA genetic material.
1945 S. Waksman : Streptomycin, used term antibiotic (Nobel Prize).
1945 Porter and Thompson : Endoplasmic reticulum.
1946 J. B. Sumner : Crystalized first enzyme urease.
1946 J. H. Northorp and W. M. Stanley : Enzymes and virus proteins purified.
1946 H.J. Muller : X–ray induced mutations (Nobel Prize).
1946 Lederberg and Tatum : First indication of sexuality in bacteria.
1951 M.H.F. Wilkins : X-ray diffraction studies of DNA.
1952 Hershey and Chase : DNA as infective part of bacteriophage.
1953 H. A. Kreb's : 'Citric acid cycle' (Nobel Prize).
1953 J. D. Waston,, F.H.C. Crick and Wilkins gave DNA model and shared Nobel Prize 1962.
1953 F. A. Lipman : Coenzyme–A.
1953 Transduction in bacteria : Zinder and Lederberg.
1954 Arnon D. : Photophosphorylation in chloroplast.
1955 Ribosome : G. E. Palade.
1955 Christian de Duve discovered lysosomes and coined the term.
1955 Hoagland : Transfer RNA.
1956 S. Ochoa succeeded in invitro synthesis of polyribonucleotides (RNA) Nobel Prize.
1957 Fraenkel Conrat : RNA as genetic material in TMV (virus)
1958 Lederberg : Genetic recombination in bacteria, (Nobel Prize).
1959 Arthur Kornberg was awarded Nobel Prize for in vitro synthesis of DNA.
1959 Unit membrane : Robertson.
1959 Butle et al : Phytochrome.
1960 M. Calvin : Carbon fixation cycle (Nobel Prize).
1960 Jacob and Monod : Messenger RNA.
1961 Beevers : Glyoxysomes in plant cells.
1962 Menke : Thylakoid in chloroplasts.
1962 Kendrew and Perutz : Structure of proteins.
1963 Nass and Nass : DNA in mitochondria.
1963 Saffarman and Morris : Cyanophage virus with DNA.
1964 Osgoods et al : Multistranded chromosomes.
1964 Leninger : Oxysomes in mitochondria.
1964 Yanofsky : 'One cistron one polypeptide theory'.
1964 Park and Biggins isolated quantosomes in the unit membrane of granum disc of chloroplast.
1965 Bernfield and Nirenberg : 'Degeneracy' in genetic code.
1965 F. Jacob and J. Monod : 'Operon' model (operator, regulator genes) Nobel Prize.
1965 Jacob and Wollman : Episome.
1967 M.D. Hatch and C.R. Slack: Dicarboxylic acid cycle (\[{{C}_{4}}\]cycle).
1968 Tolbert et al : Peroxisomes.
1968 M.W. Nirenberg, H.G. Khorana and R.W. Holley were awarded Nobel Prize jointly for their discovery which led to breaking of genetic code.
1969 M. Delbruck, A.D. Hershey, S.E. Luria : Virus reproduction (Nobel Prize).
1969 Khorana synthesized 'gene' artificially in test tube, DNA ligase enzyme.
1970 Borlaug : Rust resistant high yield wheat varieties and peace (Nobel Prize).
1970 Crick and Klug : Nucleosome model of DNA.
1970 Dannielli : Test tube synthesis of cell.
1971 E.W. Sutherland : Role of cyclic AMP (Nobel Prize).
1972 R.R. Porter and G. M. Edelman : Chemical nature of antibodies. (Nobel Prize)
1974 A. Claude : Virus in cancer tumour cells, cell centrifugation technique (Nobel Prize).
1974 G.E. Palade : Nobel Prize for ribosome discovery.
1974 C. Duve : Nobel Prize for lysosome discovery.
1975 R. Dulbecco, H.M. Temin, D. Baltimore : Nobel Prize for RNA virus in cancer, and reverse transcriptase for coding DNA from RNA.
1976 Gajduseck and Blumenberg : Nobel Prize for cancer research.
1978 Arber, Smith and Nathans : Nobel Prize for DNA restriction enzymes.
1978 P. Steptoe and R. Edward : Work on 1st test tube baby.
1981 Sperry, Hubel and Weisel : Nobel Prize in medicine.
1982 S. Bergstroem, B. Samueleson and J. Vane : Nobel Prize for Prostoglandins role.
1983 B. McClintock : Nobel Prize for mobile genetic elements (transposons = jumping genes) in maize.
1984 K. J. Niels, G. E. Kochlar and C. Milstein : Nobel Prize for monoclonal antibodies.
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