Answer:
The
revolutionary/principles incorporated by Napoleon in the administration of
France during his region were
(i) Napoleon introduced the
Civil Code of 1804, which is known as the Napoleonic Code. It did away with all
privilegs based on birth, established equality before the law and secured the
right to property to all.
(ii) In many parts of Europe like Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Italy and
Germany, Napoleon simplified the administrative divisions, abolished the feudal
system and freed peasants from serfdom and manorial dues.
(iii) Napoleon removed the guild restrictions from the
towns.
(iv) Napoleon improved the transport and communication systems,
standardised weights and measures and introduced common national currency which
were appreciated by peasants, artisans workers and businessmen of
France.
Ans. Italy had a long history of political
fragmentation. This is shown in the points below
(i) Italians were scattered over several dynastic states
as well as the multi-national Habsburg empire.
(ii) During the middle of the 19th century, Italy was
divided into seven states of which only one, Sardinia-Piedmont was ruled by an
Italian Princely House.
(iii) The North under Austrian Habsburgs, the center was ruled
by the pope and the Southern regions were under the domination of the Bourbon
kings of Spain.
(iv) Even the Italian language had not any standard common form. It had
many regional and local variations.
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