Answer:
The Tsarist autocracy collapsed in 1917 due to the following reasons—
(a) Miserable Condition of the Workers
(i) The industrial workers in Russia got very low wages.
(ii) They had very long working hours, sometimes upto 15 hours.
(iii) A large number of workers were unemployed,
(iv) The workers demanded higher wages and reduction in working hours but their demands were not met and they became dissatisfied.
(b) Miserable Condition of Peasants
(i) Most of the peasants were landless and very poor.
(ii) They also had to do free labour for the landlords.
(iii) The small farmers who possessed land had to pay high land revenue, leaving very less for them to survive on.
(iv) The landless farmers demanded that the land of the nobles should be given to them.
(v) They wanted reduction of land revenue.
(vi) However, their demands were not fulfilled and they too became dissatisfied.
(c) Russia's Defeat in the First World War
(i) Initially, the people rallied around Tsar Nicholas II; however Russian armies suffered defeats and a large number of soldiers were killed in the war.
(ii) The Russian population wanted to withdraw from the war, but the Tsar was not willing to do so. This turned the Russian people against him and encouraged them to revolt.
(d) Role of Philosophers like Karl Marx Karl Marx put forward the idea that the capitalists were responsible for the misery of the workers and that the condition of workers could only improve if the land and the industries were controlled by the society. He inspired the workers to oppose the landlords and the capitalists.
(e) Rasputin's Role The people were also against the policies of the monk named Rasputin.
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