# 4th Class Mental Ability Algebra

Algebra

Category : 4th Class

Algebra

Learning Objectives

• Fraction
• Unitary Method

Fraction

Fraction represents a part of whole or any number of equal parts. A line separates the two terms. Number above the line is called numerator and the number below the line is called denominator. Denominator of a fraction tells us how many parts the whole is divided into and the numerator tells us how many parts are taken out the whole. Let 4 kg of flour is divided into five equal parts. The amount of each part is represented as $\frac{4}{5}$ kg. Here, the number four-fifth is known as fractional number and its symbol $\frac{4}{5}$ is called fraction.

Understanding Fractions

Fractions are formed when we have a whole that is divided into so many equal parts. The shaded portion of a figure can also be represented by a fraction as shown in the table given below.

 Shaded Part Fraction Fractional Number Figure 1 part out of 6 equal parts $\frac{1}{4}$ One-fourth 3 part out of 6 equal parts $\frac{3}{6}$ Three-sixth 5 part out of 8 equal parts $\frac{5}{8}$ Five-eighth 2 part out of 6 equal parts $\frac{2}{6}$ Two-sixth 4 parts out of 7 equal parts $\frac{4}{7}$ Four-seventh 5 part out of 6 equal parts $\frac{5}{6}$ Five-sixth

Types of Fractions

There are several types of fractions. Let us study the fractions and their types.

Proper and Improper Fractions

A proper fraction is one whose numerator is smaller than the denominator. For example, $\frac{3}{4},\frac{17}{21},\frac{27}{29}$ are proper fractions. An improper fraction is one whose numerator is bigger than the denominator. For example, $\frac{5}{4},\frac{8}{5},\frac{23}{21}$ are improper fractions.

Mixed Fractions

A mixed fraction is the ratio of a whole number and a fraction combined into one mixed number.

For example, $1\frac{3}{4},2\frac{7}{9},3\frac{4}{5}$ are mixed fractions.

Equivalent Fractions

Fractions which have the same value though they may look different are called equivalent fractions. For example, $\frac{1}{3},\frac{2}{6},\frac{3}{9},\frac{4}{12}$ are equivalent fractions because all are one-third.

• To find equivalent fractions with terms bigger than the given fraction, we simply multiply the numerator and denominator of the given fraction by a common number.
• To find equivalent fractions with terms smaller than the given fraction, we simply divide the numerator and denominator of the given fraction by a common number.

Decimals

A decimal or decimal number is a fraction written in special form. A decimal is a fraction which has 10, 100, 1000, etc. for its denominator and it is expressed in the decimal system of notation. For example, $\frac{9}{10}$ and $1\frac{9}{100}$ can be written in decimal form as 0.9 and 1.09, respectively. A decimal number is broadly divided into two parts: Whole number part and Decimal part. The two parts are separated by a dot (.) called the decimal point. From the decimal point, as we move on the left, the place value is multiplied by 10 and as we move on the right, it is divided by 10.

 Decimal Fraction Whole Part Decimal Part 5.3 5 3 147.81 147 81 15.679 15 679 0.8 0 8 1.004 1 004

Decimal Place Value Chart

The following chart shows the value of each place in a decimal number.

 Hundreds Tens Ones Decimal Point Tenths Hundredths Thousandths Ten Thousandths 100 10 1 . $\frac{1}{10}$ $\frac{1}{100}$ $\frac{1}{1000}$ $\frac{1}{10000}$

Here, the values of left of the decimal point are whole numbers and numbers written after the decimal point or right of the decimal point is always less than one. Putting a zero before the decimal point indicates that there are no whole numbers.

What is Unitary Method?

The term ‘unitary method’ is a technique which has evolved from the concept of 'unit' which means one. Therefore, the unitary method is also known as the method of ones.

In unitary method:

• To get more value we multiply.
• To get less value we divide.

Example:

1.          If the price of one bicycle is Rs.1200, then what is the price of such 5 bicycles?

Solution: Here, price of 1 bicycle is given and we have to find the price of 5 such bicycles. Therefore, we multiply the price of 1 bicycle by 5.

Hence, price of 5 bicycles = Rs. ($1200\times 5$) = Rs.6000

2.            If the price of 8 bicycles is Rs. 10200, then what is the price of 1 such bicycle?

Solution: Here, price of 8 bicycles is given and we have to find the price of 1 such bicycle. Therefore, we divide the price of 8 bicycles by 8.

Hence, price of 1 bicycle = Rs. ($10200-8$) = Rs.1275

Rules Applied in Unitary Method

Rule 1: If we know the value of one then to find the value of many, we do multiplication.

Example:

1.            If the cost of 1 chair is Rs. 345, then find the cost of 7 such chairs.

Solution: Given that the cost of 1 chair = Rs. 345

Therefore, the cost of 7 chairs = Rs.  ($345\times 7$) = Rs.2415

Rule 2: If we know the value of many then to find the value of one, we do division.

2.            If the cost of 8 pencils is Rs. 68, then find the cost of 1 such pencil.

Solution: Given that the cost of 8 pencils = Rs.68

Therefore, the cost of 1 pencil = Rs. ($68\div 8$) = Rs.8.50

Rule 3: If we know the value of many then to find the value of more than given or less than given, we first need to calculate the value of one.

3.         If the cost of 4 apples is Rs. 38, then find the cost of 6 such apples.

Solution: Given that the cost of 4 apples = Rs.38

Therefore, the cost of 1 apple = Rs. ($38\div 4$) = Rs.9.50

So, the cost of 6 apples =Rs. ($9.50\times 6$) = Rs.57

4.            A train is running at a uniform speed. It covers 840 km in 7 hours. How much distance will it cover in 5 hours?

Solution: Clearly, in more hours, the train will cover more distance and in less hours, the train will cover less distance.

Here, distance covered in 7 hours = 840 km

So, the distance covered in 1 hour = ($840\div 7$) km = 120 km

Therefore, the distance covered in 5 hours = ($120\times 5$) km = 600 km

Problems Based on Unitary Method

Some examples of problems based on unitary method are given below. Let us study the following examples.

Example:

1.            There are 1250 toffees in a packet. How many toffees are there in 9 such packets?

Solution: Number of toffees in 1 packet = 1250

Therefore, the number of toffees in 9 packets = $1250\times 9$ = 11250

2.            If the cost of half dozen bananas is Rs. 15, then find the cost of one banana.

Solution: Given that the cost of half dozen bananas = Rs.15

Or, the cost of 6 bananas = Rs.15

Therefore, the cost of 1 banana = T ($15-6$) = Rs.2.50

3.            If 8 litres of petrol is consumed by a car in covering a distance of 324 km, then how many kilometres will it cover in 10 litres of petrol?

Solution: In 8 litres of petrol, car covered the distance = 324 km

Therefore, in 1 litre of petrol, the car covered the distance

= ($324\div 8$) km = 40.5 km

So, in 10 litres of petrol, the car will cover the distance

= ($40.5\times 10$) km = 405 km

1.            Which one of the following is a pair of like fractions?

(a) $\frac{3}{17},\frac{17}{3}$

(b) $\frac{12}{18},\frac{16}{10}$

(c) $\frac{4}{17},\frac{14}{17}$

(d) $\frac{14}{21},\frac{14}{22}$

(e) None of these

Explanation: Fractions in which the denominators are the same, are called like fractions. Therefore, $\frac{4}{17},\frac{14}{17}$ are like fractions.

2.         In the decimal number 24.9785, what is the place value of 8?

(a) Tenths                                  (b) Hundredths

(c) Thousandths              (d) Ten thousandths

(e) None of these

Explanation: Here, 8 is at third place right from the decimal point.

Therefore, it is at $\frac{1}{1000}$ place in place value chart.

So, the place value of 8 is thousandths.

3.            In which one of the following figures, the fraction represented by shaded parts is equal to$\frac{1}{3}$ ?

(a)                (b)

(c) (d)

(e) None of these

Explanation: Here, we have:

In option (a); fraction represented by the shaded parts = $\frac{3}{5}$

In option (b); fraction represented by the shaded parts = $\frac{3}{4}$

In option (c); fraction represented by the shaded parts = $\frac{2}{7}$

In option (d); fraction represented by the shaded parts = $\frac{2}{6}$ = $\frac{1}{3}$

Therefore, the required figure is given in option (d).

4.          The fraction represented by shaded parts in the figure given below is equal to:

(a) 0.2                                       (b) 0.4

(c) 0.5                                       (d) 0.6

(e) None of these

Explanation: Number of shaded parts = 5

Total number of parts = 10

Fraction represented by shaded parts = $\frac{5}{10}$

Therefore, the required decimal number = $5\div 10$ = 0.5

5.            Which one of the following represents the sum of fractions represented by shaded parts in the figures shown below?

(a) $\frac{7}{8}+\frac{7}{8}$

(b) $\frac{7}{8}+\frac{1}{8}$

(c) $\frac{1}{8}+\frac{1}{8}$

(d) $\frac{1}{8}+\frac{1}{4}$

(e) None of these

Explanation: Here, we observe that:

Fraction represented by the shaded parts in left side figure = $\frac{7}{8}$

and, fraction represented by the shaded parts in right side figure = $\frac{1}{8}$

Thus, the required sum of fractions = $\frac{7}{8}+\frac{1}{8}$

6.          If we arrange the digits of decimal number 35.564 in the decimal place value chart, place value of 4 will be:

(a) thousands                 (b) tenths

(c) hundredths                (d) thousandths

(e) None of these

Explanation:

 Tens Ones Decimal Point Tenths Hundredths Thousandths 3 5 5 6 4

7.            Arrange the decimals given below in descending order:

0.392, 3.092, 0.0392, 3.0092

(a) 0.0392, 0.392, 3.0092, 3.092

(b) 3.092, 0.392, 0.0392, 3.0092

(c) 3.0092, 3.092, 0.392, 0.0392

(d) 3.092, 3.0092, 0.392, 0.0392

(e) None of these

Explanation: Here, we have:

$0.392=\frac{392}{1000}=\frac{392\times 10}{1000\times 10}=\frac{3920}{10000}$

$3.092=\frac{3092}{1000}=\frac{3092\times 10}{1000\times 10}=\frac{30920}{10000}$

$0.0392=\frac{392}{10000}$ and $3.0092=\frac{30092}{10000}$

Clearly, 30920 > 30092 > 3920 > 392; or, 3.092 > 3.0092 > 0.392 > 0.0392

Hence, the decimals in descending order are: 3.092, 3.0092, 0.392, 0.0392

8.            In the magic square given below, the sum of fractions in each row, each column and each diagonal is same. Find the sum of missing fractions P and Q.

 $\frac{4}{13}$ $\frac{3}{13}$ $\frac{8}{13}$ P $\frac{5}{13}$ $\frac{1}{13}$ $\frac{2}{13}$ Q $\frac{6}{13}$

(a) $\frac{6}{13}$                                 (b) $\frac{17}{13}$

(c) $\frac{19}{13}$                               (d) $\frac{21}{13}$

(e) None of these

Explanation: Here,

Sum of fractions in one diagonal = $\frac{4}{13}+\frac{5}{13}+\frac{6}{13}=\frac{4+5+6}{13}=\frac{15}{13}$

Hence, P = $\frac{15}{13}-\left( \frac{4}{13}+\frac{2}{13} \right)=\frac{15}{13}-\frac{6}{13}=\frac{15-6}{13}=\frac{9}{13}$

And, Q = $\frac{15}{13}-\left( \frac{3}{13}+\frac{5}{13} \right)=\frac{15}{13}-\frac{8}{13}=\frac{15-8}{13}=\frac{7}{13}$

Also, numerators of all fractions are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 where, 7 and 9 are missing. So, the required sum (P + Q.) = $\frac{9}{13}+\frac{7}{13}+\frac{16}{13}$

9.       I bought $2\frac{1}{4}$ kg of apples, $1\frac{1}{4}$ kg of oranges and $\frac{1}{2}$ kg of grapes. How much weight did I carry home?

(a) 16 kg                          (b) 8 kg

(c) 6 kg                                      (d) 4 kg

(e) None of these

Explanation: Here,

Sum of all weights = $\left( 2\frac{1}{4}+1\frac{1}{4}+\frac{1}{2} \right)$ kg

= $\left( \frac{2\times 4+1}{4}+\frac{1\times 4+1}{4}+\frac{1\times 2}{2\times 2} \right)$ kg

=$\left( \frac{8+1}{4}+\frac{4+1}{4}+\frac{2}{4} \right)$ kg

= $\left( \frac{9}{4}+\frac{5}{4}+\frac{2}{4} \right)$ kg = $\left( \frac{9+5+2}{4} \right)$ kg

= $\left( \frac{16}{4} \right)$ kg = $\left( \frac{16\div 4}{4\div 4} \right)$ kg = $\frac{4}{1}$ kg = 4 kg

10.          Match the following and choose the correct option.

 (A) Rs.10 (1) Five 50 paise coins (B) Rs.1 (2) Twenty 50 paise coins (C) Rs.2.50 (3) Nine 50 paise coins (D) Rs.4.50 (4) Two 50 paise coins

(a)        A - 4,    B - 2,    C - 1,    D - 3

(b)        A - 2,    B - 3,    C - 4,    D - 1

(c)         A - 1,    B - 3,    C - 2,    D - 4

(d         A - 2,    B - 4,    C - 1,    D - 3

(e) None of these

Explanation: (i) Rs. 10 is equal to twenty 50 paise coins.

(ii) Rs. 1 is equal to two 50 paise coins.

(iii) Rs. 2.50 is equal to five 50 paise coins.

(iv) Rs. 4.50 is equal to nine 50 paise coins.

11.          Paul has thirty four 50 paise coins. How much amount in rupees does he have?

(a) Rs. 34                       (b) Rs. 17

(c) Rs. 68                       (d) Rs. 8.50

(e) None of these

Explanation: Two 50 paise coins make Rs.1

Therefore, thirty four 50 paise coins make Rs. $\left( \frac{34}{2} \right)$ = Rs.17

12.        If the cost of 6 ball pens is Rs. 63, then the cost 2 such ball pens is:

(a) Rs.28                          (b) Rs.94.50

(c) Rs.21                          (d) Rs.31.50

(e) None of these

Explanation: Here, the cost of 6 ball pens = Rs.63

Now, the cost of 1 ball pen = Rs. ($63\div 6$) = Rs.10.50

Hence, the cost of 2 ball pens = Rs. ($10.50\times 2$) = Rs.21

13.          How many paise should be added to Rs. 2.10 to make it 385 paise?

(a) 165 paise                  (b) 170 paise

(c) 185 paise                 (d) 175 paise

(e) None of these

Explanation: As we know, subtraction is the inverse process of addition.

Here, Rs. 2.10 = ($2.10\times 100$) paise = 210 paise

Difference of 385 paise and 210 paise = ($385-210$) paise = 175 paise

Hence, 175 paise should be added to Rs. 2.10 to get 385 paise.

14.        If a cow gives 13 litres of milk per day, then how much milk does the cow gives in a week?

(a) 84 litres                     (b) 77 litres

(c) 104 litres                               (d) 91 litres

(e) None of these

Explanation: As we know, the number of days in a week = 7

Now, in 1 day, the cow gives 13 litres of milk.

So, in 7 days, the cow will give ($13\times 7$) litres = 91 litres of milk.

Hence, the cow gives 91 litres of milk in a week.

15.       If the cost of eight baskets of fruits is Rs.2568, then the cost of 1 basket of fruits is:

(a) Rs.321                     (b) Rs.214

(c) Rs.341                                  (d) Rs.361

(e) None of these

Explanation: Given that 8 baskets of fruits cost Rs.2568.

Therefore, 1 basket of fruits cost Rs. ($2568\div 8$) = Rs.321

16.        A man works for 6 days and earns Rs.5118. How much does he earn in a day?

(a) Rs.848                      (b) Rs.798

(c) Rs.853                      (d) Rs.913

(e) None of these

Explanation: Given that the man works 6 days and earn Rs.5118.

Therefore, the man works 1 day and earns Rs. ($5118\div 6$) = Rs.853

17.          Mohit types 900 words in half an hour. How many words would he type in 6 minutes?

(a) 120 words                 (b) 210 words

(c) 150 words                 (d) 180 words

(e) None of these

Explanation: Since, half an hour = 30 minutes

Now, in 30 minutes, Mohit types 900 words

So, in 1 minute, Mohit types ($900\div 30$) words = 30 words

Therefore, in 6 minutes, Mohit would type = ($30\times 6$) words = 180 words.

18.        If the cost of half dozen guavas is Rs.15, then find the cost of two and half dozen guavas.

(a) Rs.120                      (b) Rs.90

(c) Rs.75                        (d) Rs.60

(e) None of these

Explanation: Since, half dozen = 6. Now, the cost of 6 guavas = Rs.15

Therefore, the cost of 1 guava = Rs. ($15-6$) = Rs.2.50

Now, two and half dozen = $12+12+6=30$

Hence, the cost of 30 guavas = Rs. ($2.50\times 30$) = Rs.75

19.          A local farmer sells onions in 5 kg bags at Rs.87.50 per bag and 9 kg bags at Rs.148.50 per bag. Is there any monetary advantage gained if you buy the 9 kg bag?

(a) Maybe                                  (b) Yes

(c) No                                        (d) Can't say

(e) None of these

Explanation: Here, if you buy 5 kg bag, the cost of 1 kg of onions = Rs. ($87.50\div 5$) = Rs.17.50

And, if you buy 9 kg bag, the cost of 1 kg of onions = Rs. ($148.50\div 9$) = Rs.16.50

Hence, 9 kg bag is comparatively cheaper than that of 5 kg bag.

So, yes there is a monetary advantage gain in buying the 9 kg bag.

20.          I can buy 6 burgers for Rs.90. How much money would I need if I wanted to buy 90 such burgers?

(a) Rs.1350                   (b) Rs.1290

(c) Rs.1250                    (d) Rs.1130

(e) None of these

Explanation: Given that the cost of 6 burgers = Rs.90

Therefore, the cost of 1 burger = Rs. ($90\div 6$) = Rs.15

Hence, the cost of 90 burgers =Rs. ($15\times 90$) =Rs.135

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