Applied Mathematics
Category : 6th Class
Applied Mathematics
Set
Set is a collection of well-defined objects which are distinct from each other. The objects in the set are called its elements. Sets are usually denoted by capital Letters A, B, C, ?.. and elements are usually denoted by small letters a, b, c, ........
For example/ the set of all even natural numbers less than 10 can be represented by
N = {2, 4, 6, 8}.
Methods for Describing a Set
(i) Roster Method: In this method, a set is described by listing elements, separated by commas, within braces.
e.g. A = {a, e, i, o, u}
Note: This method is also called listing method or tabular form method.
(ii) Set Builder Method: In this method, we write down a rule which gives us all the elements of the set by that rule.
e.g. A = {x : x is a vowel of English alphabet}
Finite Set
A set containing finite number of elements or no element, is called a finite set, eg. The set of all persons in India is a finite set.
Infinite Set
A set containing infinite number of elements is called an infinite set.
Cardinality of a Finite Set
The number of elements in a given finite set is called cardinal number of finite set, denote by n (a), where A is the given set.
e.g. \[P\text{ }=\text{ }\left\{ 5,\text{ }15,\text{ }25,\text{ }35,\,\,45 \right\}\Rightarrow ~n\left( P \right)=5\]
Universal Set (U)
A set consisting of all possible elements which occurs under consideration is called a universal set.
e.g. Let the set U defines the set of all natural numbers then set of all odd natural numbers is another subset of U and the set of all even natural numbers is another subset of U.
Equal Sets
Two sets A and B are called equal, if every element of A is a member of B and every element of B is a member of A, Thus we write A = B.
e.g. A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10,} and {all the even natural numbers less than or equal to 10} i.e., A and B are equal sets.
Find cardinal number of a set A of the composite numbers between 10 and 25.
(a) 4 (b) 6
(c) 8 (d) 9
(e) None of these
Answer (d)
Explanation: Here, A = {12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21, 22, 24}
\[\Rightarrow \text{ }n\left( A \right)\text{ }=\text{ }9\text{ }\Rightarrow \]Cardinal number of set A = 9
Average
Average is a calculated central value of a set of given number. The average is the sum of the numbers divided by the count.
So, Average = \[\frac{sum\,of\,the\,number}{count}\]
For example. Average of first ten natural numbers is \[\frac{1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10}{10}=\frac{55}{10}=5.5\]
Percentage
The word 'percent', means 'per hundred' or 'out of hundred'. Symbol % is used to express percentage.
Some Basic Terms
(i) Cost Price (CP): It is the price paid by a customer or shopkeeper to purchase an article.
(ii) Selling Price (SP): It is the price at which a shopkeeper sells an article.
(iii) Gain (Profit) = S.P ? C.P
(iv) Loss = C.P - S.P.
(v) Profit/loss% \[=\left( \frac{Amount\,of\,profit/loss}{C.P}\times 100 \right)%\]
Some Useful Results
By how much is 30% of 450 more than 70% of 140?
(a) 37 (b) 72
(c) 33 (d) 45
(e) None of these
Answer (d)
Explanation: \[30%\text{ }of\text{ }450\text{ }=\frac{30}{100}\times 450\text{ }=\text{ }135\]
70% of 140 \[\frac{70}{100}\times 140\text{ }=\text{ }98\]
\[\therefore \text{ }135\text{ }-\text{ }98\text{ }=\text{ }37\text{ }\Rightarrow \]30% of 450 is 37 more than 70% of 140.
The cost price of 10 pens is equal to selling price of 8 pens. Find the profit/loss earned on selling a pen at \[Rs\]25.
(a) \[Rs\]10 (b) \[Rs\]3
(c) \[Rs\]5 (d) \[Rs\]8
(e) None of these
Answer (c)
Explanation: Let C.P. of 1 pen = Rs x and S.P of 1 pen = Rs y
\[\therefore \] \[10x=8y\Rightarrow y=Rs\frac{10x}{8}=Rs\frac{5x}{4}\Rightarrow y>x\Rightarrow \]profit
\[\therefore \] Profit on selling a pen\[=Rs\left( \frac{5x}{4}-x \right)=Rs\frac{x}{4}\]
So, profit \[%=\frac{x/4}{x}=25%\]
Thus, C.P. of the pen, whose S.P. is Rs 25, is \[=\frac{100}{\left( 100+25 \right)}\times 25=\frac{2500}{125}=Rs\,20\]
\[\therefore \] Profit = S.P ? C.P Rs (25 ? 20) = Rs 5
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