Respiration in Plants and animals
Category : 7th Class
Learning Objectives
Do you know?
The right lung is slightly larger than the left. The highest recorded sneeze speed is 165 km/hour.
RESPIRATION IN ORGANISMS
Respiration
The biological process in which food is utilized to produce energy is called respiration. Respiration is necessary for survival of the living beings. A living being cannot survive even for a few seconds, without respiration. During respiration, it is mainly the carbohydrate which is oxidized to produce energy. This can be shown by following equation:
Carbohydrate + Oxygen\[\to \]Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
Site of Respiration
Respiration happens inside the cells. As respiration happens inside the cell, it is also called cellular respiration. A cell organelle; called mitochondria; is the site of cellular respiration.
TYPES OF RESPIRATION
Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration takes place in the presence of oxygen. Carbon dioxide and water are the end products of aerobic respiration. Aerobic respiration happens in most of the organisms.
Glucose \[\xrightarrow{\text{Abresence of oxygen }}\] Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy
Anaerobic Respiration
Anaerobic respiration takes place in the absence of oxygen. Anaerobic respiration usually happens in most of the microbes. Alcohol and carbon dioxide are formed at the end of anaerobic respiration. In some cases, lactic acid is formed at the end of anaerobic respiration.
Glucose \[\xrightarrow{\text{Abresence of oxygen }}\] Alcohol + Carbon dioxide + Energy
Glucose \[\xrightarrow{\text{Abresence of oxygen }}\]Lactic acid + Energy
Do you know?
Glucose is converted into alcohol and carbon dioxide by yeast in the absence of oxygen. Yeast is used in beverage industries to produce beer and wine. During day time, plants utilize oxygen to perform photosynthesis. During the night, plants release carbon dioxide and take in oxygen for respiration. In plants, the exchange of gases takes place through a special structure, called the stomata. The process of respiration in plants breaks down glucose and releases energy.
RESPIRATION IN PLANTS
Respiration in plants is aerobic and is represented as
Starch (sugar) + oxygen\[\to \]energy + carbon dioxide + water
Breathing
The process of taking in and giving out air; for respiration; is called breathing. Breathing involves two main steps, viz. inhalation and exhalation. During inhalation, we breathe in air which is rich in oxygen. During exhalation, we breathe out air which is rich in carbon dioxide.
Rate of Breathing
When we are doing normal activities, the rate of breathing is normal. The breath rate of human beings is 15 - 18 breaths a minute. The rate of breathing increases when we do strenuous physical works; such as running, swimming, jogging, etc. the rate of breathing decreases when we take rest or when we are sleeping.
Process of Breathing
Air passes through the tiny hair in the nasal cavity, and then through the pharynx, larynx and windpipe before reaching the lungs. The hairs in the nasal cavity prevent the entry of dust particles and pollen. The mucous lining is present from the nasal cavity to the lungs. Lungs are situated inside the chest cavity, and they rest on a large muscular sheet called the diaphragm, which forms the floor of the chest cavity Diaphragm is a membrane which is between the chest and abdomen. When you breathe in, your diaphragm and rib cage get into action. The diaphragm is protected by the rib cage. The diaphragm plays an important role in inhalation and exhalation.
The breathing is controlled by the movement of diaphragm. The movement of diaphragm is controlled by a group of muscles; called inter costal muscles.
When the diaphragm moves down, the ribcage expands. This leads to the expansion inside the lungs. As a result, the air moves into the lungs. This process is called inspiration or inhalation. When the diaphragm moves up, the ribcage contracts. This leads to contraction of the lungs. As a result, the air moves out of the lungs. This process is called expiration or exhalation.
To Show that Carbon dioxide is Released during Exhalation
Carbon dioxide reacts with limewater to make calcium carbonate. This property is utilized to show the evolution of carbon dioxide during respiration. For this, take a test tube and pour some limewater in it. Dip a drinking straw in the test tube. Blow air in the limewater through the drinking straw. It is observed that the limewater turns milky this shows that carbon dioxide is released during exhalation.
BREATHING IN OTHER ANIMALS
Animals, which belong to amphibian, reptilian, avis and mammalian, use the lungs for breathing. Amphibians breathe through their skin, when they are in water. Smaller animals have different organs for breathing.
Breathing in Fish
The respiratory organs in fish are the gills. Fishes take in oxygen in dissolved form. During respiration, water enters the body through the mouth, and then passes through the gills and comes out of the operculum. The gills take in the oxygen dissolved in the water and give out carbon dioxide.
Breathing in Cockroach
Cockroach and other insects breathe through spiracles and tracheae. There is a network of hollow tubes running through the body of an insect. These hollow tubes are called trachea. Each trachea opens on the body surface in the form of very small pore. These pores are called spiracles. Oxygen reaches to the cells directly through the spiracles by means of diffusion.
Breathing in Earthworm and Frogs
The skin is the respiratory organ in animals like frogs and earthworms. The skin in these animals is moist and slimy, which makes it easier for oxygen to diffuse in and carbon dioxide to diffuse out of the body. However, frogs are special animals. They can breathe through their skin in water, while on land they can breathe through their skin as well as their lungs.
Breathing in Unicellular Animals
Unicellular animals breathe through the cell membrane.
Breathing in Plants
Plants can be of various sizes. Developing respiratory organs could not be a fruitful solution for plants; because of their unlimited growth. Each plant part breathes through its external layer of cells. Roots breathe through root hairs. Stems breathe through epidermis. Leaves have numerous small pores; called stomata; for breathing. Stomata traps in air and exchange of gases take place inside the plant cells. Oxygen is absorbed and carbon dioxide is given out.
Do you know?
Respiration can be measured using a device called a Respirometer.
We exhale about half a liter of water vapor in a day.
Human breathing mechanism is called tidal breathing as air comes in and out using the same path
Structure of stomata
Surrounding the stomata are kidney shaped cells called guard cells, which control the opening and closing of the stomata. When the plant needs to close the stomata, the guard cells are filled with water, which swells them until the stomata are sealed shut. When the plant is ready to open the stomata, the guard cells are drained, which creates an opening. These cells have chloroplasts and so they can perform photosynthesis. Guard cells are further surrounded by subsidiary cells. The whole structure of stomata along with guard cells and subsidiary cells is called stomata apparatus.
Some important differences:-
|
S.No. |
Breathing |
Respiration |
|
1 |
It involves intake of oxygen and release of Carbon dioxide. |
Respiration is more complex and it includes breathing as well as oxidation of food in cells to release |
|
2 |
It is a physical process i.e. exchange of gases. |
It is a bio-chemical process in which food is broken along with release of energy. |
|
3 |
It involves breathing organs e.g. lungs in |
It occurs at cellular level |
|
4 |
No enzymes and catalysts are in volved. |
Many enzymes and catalysts are in volved in the whole process. |
|
S.No. |
Aerobie |
Anaerobie |
|
1 |
It uses oxygen in the process |
Anaerobic respiration takes place in the absence of oxygen. |
|
2 |
In this process, glucose is completely broken down into\[\text{C}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\], Water along with release of energy. |
In this process, glucose is broken into ethyl alcohol, \[\text{C}{{\text{O}}_{\text{2}}}\]and energy. |
|
3 |
It occurs in all organisms like mammals. |
It usually occurs in lower organisms like yeast (fungi) and bacteria. It can occur muscles of higher organisms during heavy activities. |
|
4 |
Glucose + Oxygen\[\to \] Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy |
Glucose \[\to \]Ethyl alcohol + Carbon dioxide + Energy |
KEY WORDS
CONCEPT MAP
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