8th Class English Prepositions Introduction

     Introduction

 

Definition: A preposition is a word which shows the relation between a noun or pronoun and some other word in a sentence.  

 

 

 

• The cat is under the table. ('Under' shows the relation between the table and the cat)
• The cat ran after the mouse. ('After' shows the relation between the mouse and running)  

List of some commonly used Prepositions

About	Until
Across	Up
Around	Upon
Above	From
After	In
Against	into
Along	Near
Among	of
At	Towards
Away	On
Before	Out
Beside	Over
Between	Since
By	To
Down	under
For	with
Without	Through

 

       Preposition of Time

A number of prepositions may be used to denote time; on Monday, before night, during the night, till tomorrow, after lunch, etc. In most cases, it is easy to know which preposition to use. The following prepositions however, need extra attention.  

 

     At, on, in

(A) 'At' usually denotes a definite point of time but can also be used for indefinite periods:  

Definite points of time

(i) at 3 o'clock, at midnight

(ii) at the beginning of the class

(iii) at the end of the meeting    

Indefinite periods of time

(i) at dawn, at night

(ii) at Christmas, at Diwali  

(B) 'On' is used with days and dates:

(i)   On Monday, on 15thAugust

(ii) On the Diwali day, on Christmas Eve

(iii) On the evening of the 6thApril  

(C) 'In' is used with parts of the days, month, year, season:

(i) In the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening,                  

(ii) In summer, in winter

(iii) In March, in 1988  

(D) 'In' is also used with the future tense to show the period in which an action will happen.

(i) In two hours, in a few minutes, in a fortnight                     

Carefully note the difference between 'in' and 'within':               

In = at the end of                                                  

Within = before the end of                                            

• I shall be back within a week. (Before a week is over)  

      By

It denotes the latest time at which an action will be over:

• The show will be over by 6 p.m. It may be over before it is 6 but the latest time at which it can be over is 6.  

      From

It denotes the starting point of an action. It is almost always used with to or till/until:

• The examination will be held from 8 a.m. to 11 a.m.
• He was the Cabinet Minister from 1998 to 2003.  

 

       Preposition of Position  

       At, in

'At' gives idea of an exact point; it is used with villages, small towns. 'ln' gives the idea of a larger area and is used while speaking of bigger towns, states, countries:

At Cedar Avenue, in New Delhi, in England

At the end, in the middle; also, in a factory, in a bank.

'At' conveys the idea of general neighborhood;

'In' conveys the idea of something contained.      

 

 

• Pleases it at the table when you eat.
• I shall meet you at the station.
• Turn left at the next crossing.
• The jam bottle is in the refrigerator.
• The stamps are lying in the drawer.  

 

       Between, Among

'Between' is used with two persons or things, 'among' is used with more than two:

 

 

 

• He is standing between Steve and Smith.
• He is the tallest among all the people present here.  

 

       On, upon

'On' is used in speaking of things at rest; 'upon' is used with things in motion.

 

 

• The book that I read yesterday is on the table.
• The cat sprang upon the table.  

       Above, over

Both 'above' and 'over' mean higher than. Sometimes we can use either of them.

 

 

• The flags waved over our heads.
• The flags waved above our heads.

But over can also mean covering, or vertically above.

 

 

• My father put a blanket over me.
• There is a bridge over the stream.
• There is a fan exactly over the table.  

 

     Below, under

Both 'below' and 'under' mean lower than. Sometimes we can use either of them. But under also means vertically below. It also has the idea of contact.      

 

 

 

• There was a beautiful lake below us in the valley.
• The traveler was resting under a tree.
• She puts the book under her pillow.  

 

     To, from -- to, until

We use to when we want to point to an exact time before the stated hour. We use 'from - to' to point to a period between the time when an activity or event begins (from) and when it ends (to). When we use until, we are also dealing with a period of time but the focus is on when the activity or event ends.

 

 

• The annual general meeting ended at a quarter to six.
• The museum is open from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m.
• They were playing football until dusk.  

 

    At, between -- and

We use at to point to exact times. We use between -- and to point out that an action takes place after a stated time and before the second stated time.

 

 

 

• The guest will arrive at your house at 4 o'clock this evening.
• The guest will arrive at your house between 4 o'clock and 5 o'clock this evening.  

 

     For, Since

We use for to point out how long an activity, an event or a situation continues or lasts (minutes, hours, days, months, or years). We use since with an event or time in the past to point out that the activity, event or situation is going on from that time to now.

 

• Lina stayed with her friend for a month before returning home.
• He has been here since April.  

 

      At, in, on, against

We use the prepositions at, in, on and against differently in these ways:

(A) At - to show the exact location of a person or thing, or a particular point.

 

 

• Joe is at the helm of the boat.
• The writer's signature is at the bottom of the page.  

(B) In - to point to an enclosed area or something which has volumes. 

 

• There's a crack in the mirror.
• There are a lot of beautiful illustrations in this book.  

(C) On - to show that a person or thing is in a higher position than something and is touching or covering its surface.

 

• The acrobat is standing on the tightrope.
• The chairman's report is on page 5.  

(D) Against -to show someone or something is next to and touching the surface or something or being supported by it.

 

• I Prefer to have my desk against the wall.
• John is leaning against his car.  

 

   Before, after, on the left/right, to the left/ right

We use 'before' and 'after' to show which person or thing is closer to us and which is farther from us. We use 'to the left' and 'to the right' to show on which side of a person or thing another person or thing is.

 

• The railway station is before the public library.
• The public library is after the railway station.
• The railway station is to the left of the public library.
• The post office is to the right of the public library.  

NOTE: If we are standing in front of the public library and facing the road, we would describe the position ofthe railway station and the post office in this way:

(i) The railway station is on my right.

(ii) The post office is on my left.  

 

     Across, along

We use the prepositions 'across', 'along' and 'opposite' in the following ways:

(A) Across - to point to the other side of a line or space. Serena lives across the road from me.

(B) Along: to point to someone or something located beside or at a particular point or something which has a long thin shape, for example a road or a river. James lives along Park Street.

We use preposition of direction (or movement) with active verbs such as walk, climb, jump, etc. We usually use prepositions of position with the verb 'to be' and verbs such as live, sit, stand, etc. Some prepositions of position can also behave as prepositions of direction when used with active verbs.

 

• Vijay drove to the port.
• Smith ran across the road to his house.
• Rita is at the bus stand.
• Farhan lives across the road.  

 

      Into, off, onto, out of

We use the prepositions 'into' and' out of' for things with volume, and 'onto' and 'off' for surfaces.  

Into:

(A) To show someone or something outside defined space entering it.      

• The students hurried into their classes when the bell rang.         
• We turned right into Park Avenue.  

(B) To show something being placed inside something else.

• I poured the soup into a large bowl.  

Out of:

To show someone or something inside a defined space leaving it.

• She stepped out of the hotel and was looking for a friend.  

On to:

To show someone or something getting on a surface or object.

• The speaker stepped onto the podium to address the audience.
• The monkey climbed onto the roof to save itself.  

Off:

To show someone or something moving away from a surface or object, or something being removed from where it is.

• He got off the bus at the last stand.
• I took off my jacket because it was hot.

 

     Past, Through

The preposition 'past' points to someone or something moving up to a point and then proceeding farther than it. The preposition 'through' points to someone or something moving from one end to the other of a hole or an opening.

 

• We drove past our old house yesterday.
• Please go through that gate and turn right.      

 

      Round

When we want to describe movement in a circular manner, or show that someone or something is moving about within the boundaries of a given space, we use the Preposition 'round'.

 

• They circled round the roundabout into the first road on their left.
• He walked round the garden looking for snails.  

 

     Preposition of direction: to, towards, into, at, for, against.

(A) 'To' has the sense of destination, 'towards' of direction.

• We went to the school. (reached the school)
• We went towards the school. (reached the school)  

(B) 'Into' denotes movement towards the interior of something.

• The dog jumped into the pond.
• She quietly walked into the room.  

(C) 'At' has the idea of hitting.

• She threw the stone at the dog.  

(D) 'For' suggests the beginning of a movement.

• The workers left for the factory.
• The child leaves for the school early in the morning.  

(E) 'Against' shows pressure or contact.

• He threw the bag against the wall.  

 

     Prepositions of direction from: from, off, out of  

(A) 'From' is used with the point of departure.

• She has already gone from the office.  

(B) 'Off' shows separation. It is used in the sense of from the surface of, down from.

• He fell off the cycle.
• The ball rolled off the table.  

(C) 'Out' of is the opposite of into. It means from the interior of.

• The bird flew out of the cage.  

Other prepositions showing movement are:

Through	Over	Along	Across
Round	Up	Down	We ride on horseback
Car	We travel by	By bus	By train
By air	By boat	By sea	We walk on foot

We go on a bicycle.  

 

      Correct Use of certain Prepositions  

 

     By, with

'By' is used to express the agent or doer of an action; 'with' relates to the instrument with which the action is done.

• The old man was beaten by some strangers with a stick.
• The lawn was mown by the gardener with a mower.  

 

     After, in

'After' is used to denote some period of time in the past; 'in' is used to show some period of time in the future:

• She came back home after an hour.
• We will come back home in an hour.  

 

       Beside, Besides

Beside means by the side of; besides means in addition to:

• Please put this bag beside the box.
• Besides giving me books, he gave me his notes.  

NOTE: The verbs like command, request, invite, advise, ask, beg normally do not take the, preposition 'to' after them.                                               

• I advised him to wait. (and not advised to him -- )                  
• I requested my friend to explain the reason for misbehaviour.           
• Vikram invited all his friends to his sister's wedding.                    

 

      On Time, in Time

On time = at the arranged time; not before, not after In time = not late, with a comfortable margin:

• We reached the station in time for the train.
• The train started on time.  

 

        Adjectives and Participles followed by Prepositions.

• Accused of - some crime
• Accustomed to - something or action
• Acquainted with - a person or thing
• Addicted to - some wrong habit or evil deeds
• Accompanied by - some person
• Affectionate to - a person
• Angry with - a person
• Anxious about - a person
• Angry at - something
• Anxious for - something
• Ashamed of - something
• Astonished at - something new or uncommon
• Bend on (upon) - doing something
• Blessed with / in - something good / in some person
• Careful of - one's money
• Careful about - one's dress
• Confident of - success
• Deprived of - something
• Displeased with - someone
• Faithful to - some person
• Familiar to - something
• Fond of - something or some person
• III with-fever
• Indebted to - a person
• Indebted for - something
• Informed of - something
• Moved to - tears
• Moved with - pity
• Moved at - a sight
• Obedient to - someone
• Obliged to - someone
• Parallel to/with - something
• Proud of - one's position / possession
• Respectable to - a person
• Sure of - success / failure
• Suitable to - the occasion
• Suitable for - something or some work
• Sympathetic with - someone
• Tired of - some work
• Tired with - some work
• True to - someone or one's work
• Wanting in - something
• Welcome in - something
• Welcome to - one's place
• Worthy of - praise  

 

       Below are some important Verbs followed by Prepositions?

• Abide by - a promise, rule
• Abstain from - (something) e.g. wine, evil, etc.
• Accepts of - a favour
• Account for-something
• Agree to - a proposal with some person
• Apologies to - a person for bad action
• Ask for-a thing of, or from a person
• Beg for-something
• Break into - a house or place of living
• Case for - a person
• Cling to - a person or thing
• Compare with - similar or dissimilar thing
• Complain to - a person
• Consists of - something in facts
• Decide on - something against something
• Delight in-something
• Depend on-a person or thing
• Differ with- a person
• Differ on - something
• Differ from - a person in feature or anything else
• Dwell on- something
• Escape from - some place or accident
• Fly into - anger
• Grave for-person
• Guard against- a bad habit
• Hope for-something
• Inquire of-a person
• Inquire about-(into)-something
• Jump at-something
• Jump to-a conclusion
• Knock at-a door
• Know of - a person
• Laugh at - a person
• Listen to - a person
• Long for-something
• Object to -something
• Part from - a person
• Part with - a thing
• Preside over - a meeting
• Pray for-something
• Quarrel with-someone
• Rejoice at - something
• Search for-something
• Seek after-something
• Send for-someone
• Stare at - a person
• Stick to-a point
• Talk of or about-something or thing
• Talk over- a matter
• Sit at- table
• Wait for- a person
• Vote for or against - a thing or person
• Yield to - someone or something