Grammar
Category : 9th Class
GRAMMAR
Learning Objectives
Use of Article
Articles are divided into two parts, that is, indefinite articles and definite article.
'A' and 'an' is regarded as indefinite article. ‘The' is the definite article.
Use of ‘A’
Apart from its usual uses before the words that start with a consonant sound, 'a' is also used;
Example: a one-man show.
Example: a university.
Example: Rice sells five rupees a kilo.
Example: What a pretty kid!
Example: This man is a second 'Einstein'.
Use of ‘An’
Apart from its use before the words that start with a vowel sound, 'an' is also used:
Example: an hour
Example: An F.I.R.
Use of 'The'
Example: I love the guy.
Example: The guava is considered as the poor man's apple.
Example: The Parsees
Example: The police
Example: He is the best boy in the class of IX.
Example: We must not shun the disabled.
Use of Noun
Some nouns are used in singular forms.
(i) Scenery, information, furniture, advice, poetry, machinery, stationary, fuel, issue etc. |
(ii) Physics, Economics, Athletics, Mathematics, Innings, Ethics, Classics, Gallows. |
(iii) Words like hundred, thousands, millions, dozen, score etc. when preceded by a numeral. |
Some nouns are used in plural forms.
(i) Cattle, police, gentry, poultry, people, peasantry, artillery etc. |
(ii) Scissors, trousers, stockings, spectacles, shorts, remains, riches etc. |
Some nouns are used both in singular and plural forms.
(i) Deer, sheep, fish, apparatus, wages |
(ii) Collective nouns as jury, public, team, audience, committee, government, audience etc. |
Use of Pronoun
Pronouns are the words used to replace nouns or noun groups already mentioned,
Given below are some uses of pronoun.
Example: Let him go.
Example: Everyone should love his country.
Example: They enjoyed themselves at the cricket match.
Use of Conjunction
Use of Adjective
Example: Biyanka is senior to Raul.
Example: This is the better of the two dresses.
Example: Shana is wiser than old. (û) Shana is more wise than old. (ü)
Example: Anil is as rich as, if not richer than his brother.
Example: This is a movie worth seeing.
Use of Adverb
Subject-verb Agreement
Subject -Verb agreement is one of the most important topics in Grammar It can be called the structure or the skeleton. For correct and confident English, you have to have a good understanding of this agreement.
Subject - Verb agreement is based on two basic rules.
Rule 1:
SUBJECT is SINGULAR ------- VERB is SINGULAR
Exception:
(i) With 'I'; excluding W and 'was', there is always a Plural subject. |
(ii) 'You' always takes a Plural subject. |
Rule 2:
SUBJECT is PLURAL ------- VERB is PLURAL
Subjects and verbs must agree with one another in number (singular or plural) thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular, if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.
Remember that, problems related to subject-verb agreement are normally found with the usage of associated subjects like-is are, am, was, were, do, does, have, has, etc. or with main subject in present Indefinite Tense.
Let us check a few different conditions related to subject-verb agreement.
Example:
(i) Kate is always punctual. (Sing. Noun = Sing. Verb)
Example:
(i) Rahul and Anita have gone home. (Sing. Noun + Sing. Noun = Plural Verb)
Example:
(i) Each officer and each manager is invited, (each + Sing. Noun, each + Sing. Noun = Sing Verb)
Example:
Bread and Butter is my favorite breakfast. (Sing. Noun + Sing. Noun = Sing Verb)
A few other such pair of nouns are -Rice and curry / Horse and carriage / Hammer and Sickle / Crown and glory, etc.
But, the exception is: if two such nouns are used to denote two different things, then it takes a plural verb,
Example:
Crown and glory exist together. (Noun + Noun = Plural verb)
Example:
(i) You as well as your brother were absent yesterday. (Noun + Noun = Plural verb)
Not only...... but also
Neither......nor
Either......or
then, the verb always follows its nearest subject.
Example:
(i) Neither you nor I am going to see him. (Subject, Subject \[\to \] Verb)
Example:
(i) Not she but her friends are responsible. (Subject \[\to \] Verb)
Example:
(i) I invited two guests but neither has come. (Subject \[\to \] Singular verb)
Example:
(i) Each of the snakes is poisonous. (Plural noun \[\to \] Singular verb)
Example:
(i) Everybody knows that the sun is a star. (Subject \[\to \] Sing. Verb)
Preposition
Example: Who was she talking to?
Example: From here, before now, for good, in short, about to go, etc.
Example: I shall go to where you have come from.
Example: On account of, instead of, in spite of, by means of, owing to, by dint of, in accordance with, etc.
Classification of Prepositions
Example: to, towards, for, along, against, across, up, down, into, etc.
Example: at, in, on, above, below, over, under, between, among, amongst, amid, amidst, before, behind, etc.
Example: at, on, for, since, before, after, within, in till, by, during, from, etc.
Example: about, off, of
Modals
Introduction: All the auxiliary verbs except be, do and have are called modals. Unlike other auxiliary verbs, modals only exist in their helping form; they cannot act alone as the main verb in a sentence.
The modal verbs are: Can, Could, May, Might, Must, Shall, Should, Ought to. Will, Would
Uses of Modal Verbs
Modal |
Example |
Uses |
Can |
They can control their own budgets. We can?t fix it. Can I smoke here? Can you help me? |
Ability / possibility Inability / impossibility Asking for permission Request |
Could |
Could I borrow your dictionary? Could you say it again more solely? We could try to fix it ourselves. I think we could have another Gulf War. He gave up his old job so he could work for us. |
Asking for permission. Request Suggestion Future possibility Ability in the past |
May |
May I have another cup of coffee? China may become a major economic power. |
Asking for permission Future possibility |
Might |
We?d better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now. They might give us a 10% discount. |
Present possibility Future possibility |
Must |
We must say good-bay now. They mustn?t disrupt the work more than necessary. |
Necessity / Obligation Prohibition |
Ought to |
We ought to employ a professional writer. |
Saying what?s right or correct |
Shall |
Shall I help you with your luggage? Shall we say 2.30 then? Shall I do that or will you? |
Offer Suggestion Asking what to do |
Should |
We should sort out this problem at once. I think we should check everything again. Profits should increase next year. |
Saying what?s right or correct Recommending Action Uncertain prediction |
Will |
I can?t see any taxis so I?II walk. I?II get back to you first thing on Monday. Profits will increase next year. |
Instant decisions Offer Promise Certain prediction |
Would |
Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me? Would you pass the salt please? Would you mind waiting a moment? ?Would three O?clock suit you??- ?That?d be fine?. Would you like to play golf this Friday? ?Would you prefer tea or coffee??-?I?d like tea please?. |
Asking for permission Request Request Making arrangements Invitation preferences |
(i) Modals express the mood a verb, such as ability / possibility, necessity, or another condition. |
(ii) They are used with a main verb to form a sentence or a question. |
(iii) Modals are not conjugated, have no tense, and cannot be used without a main verb. |
(iv) When used with modal verbs (except ought), main verbs always remain in the infinitive without to. |
Use of Tense
Example: He respected me more than he respects his aunt.
Example: yesterday, last night etc. are used.
Example: It is time that we played chess.
Example: My father told me that the Earth revolves round the Sun.
Perfect Tense \[\left( subject + has/have + {{v}_{4}} \right)\].
Example: I have been studying in this coaching class for six month.
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