Metals and Non-metals
Category : Banking
Metals and Non-metals
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(i) They are usually shiny i.e. have a metallic luster.
(ii) Metals have a high density
(iii) Metals are ductile i.e. they can be drawn into wires.
(iv) Metals are malleable i.e. they can be founded into thin sheets.
(v) Metals are good conductors of electricity.
(vi) Metals have high melting point and are generally in solid state at room temperature.
(vii) Metals are good conductors of heat and sound.
(i) Metals are very important for modern humans it is not possible to imagine our life without them.
(ii) Metals are used in manufacturing of bridges, railways, aeroplanes, diesel mobile units (DMU), electric mobile units (EMU), motor cars, electric motors, telephones, televisions, interplanetary space vehicles, or even common articles like cooking utensils and coins.
(iii) Metals are very important for the economy of a country. Some metals, such as titanium, chromium, manganese and zirconium are strategic metals. These metals and their alloys find wide applications in atomic energy, space science projects, jet engines and high grade steels.
(iv) Gold and silver ornaments are obtained from small pieces of metals by hammering.
Alloy |
Composition |
Uses |
1. Brass |
Cu = 80%, Zn = 20% |
For making utensils and cartridges. |
2. Bronze |
Cu = 90%, Sn = 10% |
For making statues, medals, ships, coins and machines |
3. Solder |
Sn = 50%, Pb = 50% |
For joining metals, solding wire and electronic components etc. |
4. Duralumin |
Al = 95.5%, Cu = 3%, |
Used in bodies of aircrafts, kitchen ware and automobile |
|
Mn = 1.0%, Mg = 0.5% |
parts etc. |
5. German Silver |
Cu = 60%, Zn = 20%, Ni = 20% |
For making utensils and ornaments |
6. Gun metal |
Cu = 90%, Sn = 10% |
For Gears and castings etc. |
7. Bell metal |
Cu = 80%, Sn = 20% |
For bells, gangs etc. |
8. Magnalium |
Al = 90%, Mg = 10% |
For balance beams, light instruments. |
9. Type metal |
Pb = 82%, Sb = 15%, Sn = 3% |
For casting type |
10. Stainless steel |
Fe, Ni, Cr, C |
For utensils, cutlery etc. |
(i) They are dull, however diamond, graphite and iodine are lustrous.
(ii) They are poor Coonductors of heat and electricity. Graphite is a good conductor.
(iii) They are weak and brittle (they easily break or shatter).
(iv) They have a low density (they feel light for their size).
(v) They do not make a ringing sound when they are hit.
(vi) Melting points and boiling points are usually low.
(vii) Non-metals are usually soft. (Diamond is an exception, it is quite hard. It is a crystalline solid).
(viii) They exist in allotropic forms.
(i) Oxygen is essential for survival of life.
(ii) Hydrogen is used to convert vegetable oil into vegetable ghee by hydrogenation.
(iii) Nitrogen is used to preserve food and for manufacturing proteins by plants.
(iv) Carbon in the form of diamond is used for cutting rocks and in the form of graphite as electrode and in manufacture of lead pencils.
(v) Sulphur is used in vulcanization of rubber, as fungicide and in manufacture of dyes, gun powder etc.
(vi) Chlorine is used as water disinfectant and in the manufacture of pesticides like gammaxene.
(i) Minerals: The natural substance in which the metals or their compounds occur in the earth is called minerals.
(ii) Ores: The minerals from which the metals can be conveniently and economically extracted are called ores.
(iii) Native ores: These ores contain metals in the free-state, e.g., silver, gold, platinum, etc.
(iv) Metallurgy: W whole process of obtaining a pure metal from one of its ore is known as metallurgy.
(v) Gangue or matrix: Ores usually contain soil, sand, stones and others useless silicates. These undesired impurities present m ores are called gangue or matrix.
(vi) The removal of unwanted earthy and silicious impurities from the ore is called ore-dressing or concentration of ores and the process used to concentrate an ore is called the benefication process.
(vii) Concentration of ore is achieved by
(viii) Physical methods are:
(ix) Chemical method (Leaching) involves the treatment of the ore with a suitable reagent as to make it soluble while impurities remain insoluble. The ore is recovered from the solution by suitable chemical method.
(x) Extraction process used to obtain metals in free-state from concentrated ores is called extraction.
(xi) Extraction of crude metal from the concentrated ore involves following chemical processes.
(xii) Refining is the process of purifying the extracted metals.
(xiii) Chromatography is based on the principle that the different components of a mixture are adsorbed to different extents on an adsorbent.
S. No. |
Name of the ore |
Formula of the ore |
Type of ore |
Metal obtained from the ore |
1. |
Bauxite |
\[A{{l}_{2}}{{O}_{3}}.2{{H}_{2}}O\] |
Oxide |
Aluminums(Al) |
2. |
Haematite |
\[F{{e}_{2}}{{O}_{3}}\] |
Oxide |
Iron (Fe) |
3. |
Magnetite |
\[F{{e}_{3}}{{O}_{4}}\] |
Oxide |
Iron (Fe) |
4. |
Zincite |
Zno |
Oxide |
Zinc (zn) |
5. |
Cuprite |
\[C{{u}_{2}}O\] |
Oxide |
Copper (Cu) |
6. |
Litharge |
PbO |
Oxide |
Lead (Pb) |
7. |
Malachite |
\[CuC{{O}_{3}}.Cu{{(OH)}_{2}}\] |
Carbonate |
Copper (cu) |
8. |
Magnesite |
\[MgC{{O}_{3}}\] |
Carbonate |
Magnesium (Mg) |
9. |
Lime stone |
\[CaC{{O}_{3}}\] |
Carbonate |
Calcium (ca) |
10. |
Cinnabar |
HgS |
Sulphide |
Mercury (Hg) |
11. |
Chalcopyrite |
\[CuFe{{S}_{2}}\] |
Sulphide |
Copper (cu) |
12. |
Zinc blende |
Zns |
Sulphide |
Zinc (zn) |
13. |
Galena |
Pbs |
Sulphide |
Lead (Pb) |
14. |
Common |
Nacl |
Chloride (halide) |
Sodium |
15. |
Fluorspar |
\[Ca{{F}_{2}}\] |
Fluoride (halide) |
Calcium (ca) |
16. |
Horn silver |
\[AgCl\] |
Chloride (halide) |
Silver (Ag) |
17. |
Chalcocite |
\[C{{u}_{2}}S\] |
Sulphide |
Copper (cu) |
Rusting is \[Fe(s)+\frac{3}{2}{{O}_{2}}(g)+x{{H}_{2}}O(l)\to F{{e}_{2}}O.x{{H}_{2}}O(s)\] i.e., rust is hydrated iron (III) oxide.
(i) Alloying: Iron or steel along with other metals can also be protected by 'alloying' or mixing with other metals (e.g., chromium) to make non-rusting alloys.
(ii) Galvanizing: Coating iron or steel with a thin zinc layer is called 'galvanizing’.
24-Carat gold: The carat (abbreviation ct or Kt) is a measure of the purity of gold alloys. Carat is used to refer to the measure of mass for gemstones.
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