CHAPTER-7 MINERAL RESOURCES
Minerals are one of the most important constituents for the industrial development of the Nation and State. The extensive rock system found in Madhya Pradesh has various types of minerals lying under them. The Purana rocks in the Vindhyas, Bijawar and Gwalior group of rocks are abundant in limestone, dolomite and phosphorus. These rocks also have underlying bed of Kimberlitic rocks having diamonds. The Gondwana group of rocks has sandstone and coal in abundance.
Minerals
Minerals are naturally occurring homogeneous solid with a definite chemical composition and a highly ordered atomic arrangement; it is usually formed by inorganic processes.
To meet the definition of "mineral" a substance must meet five requirements:
- Naturally occurring
- Inorganic
- Solid
- Definite chemical composition
- Ordered internal structure
Minerals are classified based on their crystal form and chemistry. Minerals are divided into two types namely metallic and non-metallic.
Types of Minerals
1. Metallic Minerals
- Metallic minerals exhibit luster in their appearance and consist of metals in their chemical composition. These minerals serve as a potential source of metal and can be extracted through mining. Examples of metallic minerals are Manganese, iron ore and bauxite etc and can be divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metallic minerals.
- Ferrous minerals are one that contains iron and nonferrous are one that does not contain iron.
2. Nonmetallic minerals
- Non-metallic minerals are minerals which either show a non-metallic luster or shine in their appearance. Extractable metals are not present in their chemical composition. Limestone, gypsum, and mica are examples of non-metallic minerals.
Properties of Minerals
Minerals are classified by their chemical composition and crystalline structure. These two featrures occur on a microscopic level, but we can see them in other ways because they determine a mineral's observable physical properties. In other words, what appears to us on the outside is determined by what's on the inside.
The seven physical properties of minerals are:
- Crystal form
- Hardness
- Fracture or cleavage
- Luster
- Color
- Streak
- Density
Uses
- Uses of minerals in the body
Calcium gives structure and strength to bones and teeth. It also helps in blood clotting, enzyme function, transfer signals to nervous system etc. Iron is required in transporting oxygen from lungs to other parts of the body. Foods rich in iron are eggs, dry fruits, red meat etc. Zinc plays a major role in the body's immunity. It fights infections and various illnesses. Foods rich in zinc are beans, pork, peanuts etc.
Salt is added to food during cocking, and other mineral products may also be included. Calcium carbonate, for example, is used in bread, cakes, soups and cereal, and some food additives are manufactured using natural minerals. Sand is used to filter water, as is diatomite, a silica mineral formed from fossilized algae. Diatomite and bentonite clay are both used to clarify drinks, such as beer, fruit juices and wine.
Phosphate rock, potash and lime are used in agricultural fertilizers and other mineral products are used to improve soil. The water you drink uses minerals to make it clean.
About 60 tonnes of aggregate are used to build an average house in the UK. If we include the associated infrastructure, this can be as high as 400 tonnes.
Minerals are used in building houses, schools, libraries, hospitals, offices and shops.
Buildings use a wide range of minerals:-
- Iron (as steel) in the framework of large building
- Clay in bricks and roofing tiles
- Slate for roofing tiles
- Limestone
- Clay
Energy is used at home and by all industries, services and transport, including hospitals, schools and workplaces. Energy minerals-coal, oil, gas, uranium-are used to give you heat, hot water and electricity. Cars, buses and trains all use fuel which mainly comes from oil.
Technology and communications
Information technology is part of our daily lives. Many of us have access to a computer and mobile phone, and many services depend on computers and other forms of telecommunication. These technologies require a wide range of minerals and metals, including copper, gold, platinum, titanium, tin, zinc and nickel.
Economic uses of minerals:
Gold is used in computers and other electronics. It is also used in dentistry. Aluminium is used in beverage cans, aluminium foil, cosmetics etc. Graphite is used in machinery and pencils. Potassium is used in toothpaste and fertilizers.
Major Minerals of the State
Madhya Pradesh is the third most mineral rich state of India. According to Economic Survey 2017-18.Eight types of minerals are mainly found in Madhya Pradesh. Madhya Pradesh is leading producer of Diamond, Copper, Dolomite, Rock phosphate. Fire clay and Manganese. The only active mines of Diamond in India are in Panna district. India's largest Open cast
Copper mine is at Malajkhand in Balaghat district. Madhya Pradesh ranks fourth in the production of minerals in India
Iron Ore
- The iron ore found in the state is of high quality. Mandla, Balaghat, Jhabua, Gwalior Jabalpur, etc have some reserves of iron ore.
- Jabalpur has reserves of hematite ore.
- Iron ore is found in Vidisha, Ujjain, Shajapur, Shivpuri, Mandsaur, Dhar, Jhabua, etc.
- Madhya Pradesh produces iron ore of good quality which contains 67% iron.
- After the partition of the state 80% iron ore reserves went to Chhattisgarh.
- As per Economic Survey 2017-18, the total production of iron ore in the year 2016-17 was 17.30 lakh tonnes.
Coal
- Coal reserves of 16027.07 million tonnes are spread over in the district of Sidhi, Shahdol, Umaria, Betui, Chhindwara ,and Narsinghpur ; which is 7.71% of total Coal reserve of country.
- Coal is mainly found in lower Gondwana rocks.
- In Madhya Pradesh, coal is mainly found in Sohagpur, Johila, Singrauli, Gurumunda Pench and Kanha Valley etc.
- In terms of coal production in India, Madhya Pradesh stands fourth.
- Sohagpur coal field of Shahdol district is the largest coal reserve area.
- India's thickest coal layer is found in Singrauli.(135 m.)
- Madhya Pradesh accounts for around 7.56% of total India's reserves.
- According to Economic Survey 2017-18, in terms of total reserves, Madhya Pradesh lies in fifth position in coal which has total reserves of 27,673 million tonnes. The total production of coal in 2016-17 was 1084.48 lac tonnes.
- Coal bed methane extraction at Sohagpur, Shahdol district is done by Reliance Industries.
- Mostly Bituminous coal is found in Madhya Pradesh.
- Subsidiary companies of Coal India Limited namely, NCL (Northern Coal Field Limited) is working in the Sidhi district, WCL (Western Coal Field Limited) in the Chhindwara and Betui districts and SECL (South Eastern Coal Field limited) in the Shahdol and Umaria districts.
- The coal belt of Madhya Pradesh is divided into two belts:-
- Satpura Coal Belt It covers Southern districts of Hoshangabad, Betul and Chhindwara. Its sub-regions are Kanha valley, Mohpani, Shahpura, Tawa and Pench Valley region.
- Madhya Bharat Coal Belt It covers Singrauli, Shahdol, Umaria, and Sidhi district. It is also known as Vindhya Pradesh coal belt. The biggest coal belt is located in Sohagpur in Shahdol.
Manganese
- Manganese is found in old Metamorphic rocks of Dharwar rock system.
- It is found in Balaghat and Chhindwara districts of Madhya Pradesh.
- Madhya Pradesh has about 12% of India's total Manganese reserves. (India mineral report 2017).
- Madhya Pradesh contributes around 40% to the total production of manganese in the Country.
- Madhya Pradesh has total reserve 680 lakh tonnes of manganese, out of which 500 lakh tonnes manganese is produced in Balaghat.
- Bharveli (Balaghat) Manganese mine is the biggest mine is Asia.
- Manganese is mainly used in chemical industry and steel industry.
- Manganese is exported to America, Britain, Germany and Russia from Madhya Pradesh.
- According to Economic Survey, 2017-18, the production of manganese in Madhya Pradesh in 2016-17 was 6.48 lakh tonnes.
Mica
- It is a light layered shining material.
- Occurs in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.
- It is found in Balaghat, Gwalior, Chhindwara, Hoshangabad, Jhabua, Mandsaur, Narsinghpur, Shahdol, Sidhi and Tikamgarh.
- It has high melting point therefore it is used in medicine, electricity, car, telephone, lantern and chimneys.
Copper
- It is extracted from metamorphic rocks.
- Copper is found in Balaghat, Jabalpur, Sagar, Hoshangabad, Narsinghpur, Dewas Gwalior, Shahdol, Shivpuri, Sidhi and Chhatarpur regions of Madhya Pradesh.
- Malajkhand (Balaghat) is the largest open copper mine in Madhya Pradesh. The copper of this mine is of the best quality. Here, the copper is produced by Hindustan Copper Limited.
- Madhya Pradesh is top producer of copper in India. It accounts for 22% of nation?s total copper production.
- According to Economic Survey 2017-18, the production of copper in 2016-17 was 24.15 lac tonnes.
Bauxite
- Bauxite is the ore of Aluminium.
- It is found in high plateau of Deccan trap. Reserves of 63.87 million tonnes of bauxite are spread over in Shahdol, Mandla, Balaghat, Rewa, Jabalpur, Satna and Katni districts. Bauxite of Katni and Satna districts is of higher grade and being used in refractory units of the State.
- MP stands 5th in its production.
- According to Economic Survey 2017-18, the production of bauxite in Madhya Pradesh in 2016-17 was 6.58 lakh tonnes.
- Renukut plant at Mirzapur U.P. gets its supply of bauxite from Amarkantak.
Limestone
- It is a basic material for construction, metal industry and chemical industry. In Madhya Pradesh, limestone is available in various regions in abundance.
- Mainly, it is found in Gwalior, Narsinghpur, Sidhi, Satna, Rewa, Damoh, Katni, Sagar, Panna, Morena and Neemuch districts.
- Due to the easy availability of limestone, many cement plants have been established in Madhya Pradesh.
- Kami is famous as 'City of Limestone'.
Dolomite
- It is extracted when more than 45% of magnesium is found in limestone. Dolomite found in Balaghat, Narsinghpur, Chhatarpur, Sagar, Mandla, Kami, Singrauli, Dewas, Jhabua and Seoni districts.
- Magnesium carbonate is called Dolomite.
- Dolomite is used as an ornamental stone, a concrete aggregate, and a source of magnesium oxide and in the Pidgeon process for the production of magnesium.
- High grade dolomite has become the major industrial mineral because of its use in iron and steel and refractory industries
- The dolomite deposits of Mandla, Sagar and Chhatarpur districts have attained importance because of their high content of magnesia. Dolomite is used in cement industries.
Diamond
- State is proud of having only diamond mine in the country.
- A total reserve of 976.05 thousand carats has been estimated in the Panna district.
- National Mineral Development Corporation Ltd. is operating the only mechanized diamond mine at Majhgawan in the Panna district since 1958 is now producing 81000 carats of diamond annually.
- Besides this about 400 carats is also being produced from the ?shallow diamond mines? in Panna and part of Satna district.
Tungsten
- It is found in the form of Wolframite. In Madhya Pradesh, it is found in the Agargaon of Hoshangabad.
- It is used in electrical bulb and also used in producing iron.
- It is a rigid and heavy mineral with a high melting point. Since it is hard, it is also used in steel cutting.
Kaoline
- It is found in Rewa, Gwalior, Betui, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Jabalpur, Satna, Shahdol, and Sidhi districts. Kaoline or the China clay is used for the paper, rubber, textiles, and utensil industries.
- Ceramic and Refractory works, Jabalpur is the oldest industry of Madhya Pradesh for making China clay.
Lead
- Chief ore of Lead is Galena.
- It is a heavy metal that is denser than most common materials. Lead is soft and malleable.
- It has a high melting point and forms alloys easily.
- It is found in Jhabua, Hoshangabad, Jabalpur, Shivpuri and Datia districts.
- Lead is used in airplanes, bullet, guns, car battery, rail engines, etc.
Graphite
- Graphite is a naturally-occurring form of crystalline carbon. It is a native element mineral found in metamorphic and igneous rocks.
- Graphite is found in Betui district of Madhya Pradesh.
- It is used in pencil, paint and battery.
Talk(Soapstone)
- Softest mineral in nature
- Used in talcum powder
- Found in Bhedaghat Jabalpur and Narmada valley.
Marble
- In Madhya Pradesh, 'Kami Range' of marble is found which is famous for its beige colour. It is dolomitic but highly crystalline.
- It is found majorly in Kami, Jabalpur, Narsinghpur and Gwalior district.
- Jabalpur range contains dolomitic marble of excellent whiteness. Betui, Seoni and Narsinghpur are famous for coloured marbles. Gwalior is famous for yellow, green and red marbles.
Fire clay
- The fire clay deposits occurs mainly in Shahdol, Gwalior, Katni, Jabalpur and Sidhi districts has led to establishment of number of refractory and some ceramic industries.
Asbestos
- Fibrous in nature
- Used to manufacture train bogies and sheets of ships.
- Mainly found in Jhabua.
Slate
- Madhya Pradesh is the sole producer of slate in the country.
- White and red coloured slate found in the Mandsaur district.
- Used mainly in producing slate pencil.
Pyrophyllite/Diaspore
- Rich deposits of pyrophyllite and diaspore occurs in the State; constituting 81.66% of country's reserves.
- A total of 207.74 million tonnes of pyrophyllite and diaspore reserves are spread over the districts of Chhatarpur, Tikamgarh and Shivpuri.
Uranium
- It is extracted from the Shahdol district.
- In 2018 deposits of uranium also found in Ghoda dongri village of Betui Distrcit.
Feldspar
- In Madhya Pradesh feldspar is extracted from the Jabalpur district.
Calcite
- In Madhya Pradesh calcite is found in jhabua and khargone district.
Minerals and their Producing Districts
|
Mineral
|
District
|
|
Diamond
|
Panna, Satna,
|
|
Manganese
|
Balaghat, Chhindwara, Jhabua
|
|
Iron ore
|
Balaghat, Mandla, Jabalpur, Vidisha
|
|
Copper
|
Balaghat, Jabalpur, Hoshangabad, Sagar
|
|
Coal
|
Shahdol, Chhindwara, Hoshangabad, Betui, Sidhi, Singrauli
|
|
Limestone
|
Jabalpur, Mandsaur, Satna, Katni, Dhar
|
|
Bauxite
|
Mandla, Jabalpur, Rewa, Satna, Shahdol, Sidhi
|
|
Dolomite
|
Balaghat, Chhindwara. Jabalpur
|
|
Tungsten
|
Agargaon, (Hoshangabad)
|
|
Asbestos
|
Balaghat, Chhindwara, Hoshangabad, Jhabua, Mandsaur
|
|
Fire Clay
|
Shahdol, Gwalior, Katni, Jabalpur, Sidhi, Betui, Chhindwara, Panna, Sagar
|
|
China Clay
|
Jabalpur
|
|
Graphite
|
Betul
|
|
Mica
|
Chhindwara, Balaghat, Jhabua, Mandsaur and Hoshangabad
|
|
Lead
|
Datia, Hoshangabad, Shivpuri, Jhabua and Jabalpur
|
|
Slate
|
Mandsaur (1st in the country)
|
|
Gypsum
|
Shahdol and Rewa
|
|
Feldspar
|
Jabalpur, Chhindwara, Shahdol
|
|
Corundum
|
Panna, Singrauli
|
|
Baryte
|
Tikamgarh, Rewa, Peepalkot
|
|
Steatite
|
Jabalpur
|
|
Talc
(Soapstone)
|
Jabalpur
|
|
Uranium
|
Shahdol (only uranium mine of Madhya Pradesh)
|
|
Hematite Ore
|
Jabalpur
|
Minerals and their Mines
|
Minerals
|
Particular Mines/Area
|
|
Manganese
|
Bharveli (Balaghat)
|
|
Copper
|
Malajkhand (Balaghat)
|
|
Coal
|
Sohagpur (Shahdol)
|
|
Limestone
|
Mundwara (Katni)
|
|
Diamond
|
Majhgawan (Panna)
|
|
Bauxite
|
Amarkantak (Anuppur), Betul
|
|
Graphite
|
Betul
|
|
Corundum
|
Pipra-Parkota (Singrauli)
|
|
Marble
|
Bhedhaghat (Jabalpur)
|
|
Feldspar
|
Lamheta Valley (Jabalpur)
|
|
Soapstone (steatite)
|
Bhedaghat (Jabalpur)
|
|
Gold
|
Slimanabad (Katni)
|
Geological Location of Minerals in Madhya Pradesh
|
Geological Structure
|
Minerals
|
|
Sausar Sakoli Range Vindhyan
|
Manganese
|
|
Vindhyan - Cuddapah
|
Diamond
|
|
Vindhyan - Bijawar Range
|
Limestone, Dolomite
|
|
Gondwana Kalp (10% area of state)
|
Coal, Sandstone
|
|
Chilpi Range (Vindhyan Deccan Trap)
|
Bauxite
|
Minerals Policy, 2010 of Madhya Pradesh
The state mineral policy was announced in the year 2010 by the state government in the implementation of the 2010 National Mineral Policy. In which the state of the art technology used for exploration and exploitation of the main minerals, increased local participation in the mineral based industry and giving priority to Environmental balance and for the exploration of secondary minerals priority has been given to weaker sections of the society- Educated unemployed people, especially those belonging to scheduled castes and tribes, backward classes. The right to stop illegal mining and royalty theft has been given to the Gram Sabha.
- Main features of the policy -
- Geological Survey of India and the State Directorate of Geology and Mining are the two important organizations, for survey, exploration and assessment of mineral deposits, will ensure greater coordination and exchange of information between them.
- The technical staff of the Directorate will be trained, in latest techniques and technologies, applicable for exploration of minerals, within a time frame.
- For investigation and assessment of new mineral deposits with modem technologies the private sector participation will be encouraged in mineral investigation.
- A Mineral Development Fund for mineral exploration is to be constituted.
- E-permits to be implemented for the transportation.
- Special emphasis shall be given for exploration of precious metals viz. gold, base metals, platinum, diamond and low grade iron ore.
- For assessment of mineral deposits, the United Nations Framework of Classification (U.N.F.C.) shall be adopted.
- A computer based online tracking of all type of applications of mineral concessions, shall be introduced to make the process transparent and accountable
- Existing rules shall be made more stringent to control illegal mining and transportation of minerals.
- The State Level, District Level Task Force and Flying Squads shall be made more effective and shall be vested with adequate power.
- High-level resolution Satellite data shall be used to detect illegal mining.
- It shall be ensured that the mineral bearing areas are notified and granted in such a way so that fragmentation of the mineral deposit, wastage may be minimal, development of the mines in scientific manner and zero waste mining may be ensured
- Priority shall be given, in sanctioning of minerals concession, to applicants intending to establish mineral based industries in the state.
- For firm commitment of corporate social responsibility of concessionary an agreement will be executed with mutual consent.
- With a view to ensuring sustain development of minerals; environment and ecology will be taken proper care of.
- Infrastructure development is a prerequisite for exploitation of mineral and consumption and augmenting mineral based industries.
- Mineral concessions will be sanctioned only in special circumstances in the notified areas predominantly inhabited by Scheduled Tribes. In granting mineral concession in these areas, priority shall be given to local tribal communities, organizations or cooperative societies on their application.
- The State Government will ensure time bound disposal of applications for mineral concessions in forest areas. The State Government will also identify areas where mining activities may lead to irreparable environmental and ecological damage and such areas will be declared 'NO GO' areas for mining. The State Government will also set up a Land Bank by selecting suitable area, for compensatory afforestation so that clearances from Government of India under Forest Conservation Act may be obtained speedily.
- Madhya Pradesh Government's mineral resource department has introduced their sand mining policy in 2015, 2017 and in 2018.
Madhya Pradesh Sand Mining Policy-2017
1. To make available sand minerals at affordable rates to the common people in the State.
2. To ensure the role of local bodies in sand mining.
3. Conservation of ecosystem of rivers.
1. The identification, demarcation, quantification and declaration of sand mines will be done by the Collector.
2. The operation of sand mines already declared and operated will be done by the gram Panchayats/local bodies as the case may be.
3. Preparation of necessary mining plan for mining operation, environmental permission and pollution related consent will be obtained by the collector.
4. The sand mines will be operated by the Gram panchayats/Urban body as per the approved scheme.
5. The responsibility of complying with the terms of the approved mining scheme, conditions of environmental clearance and pollution related consent will be the responsibility of the gram panchayat/urban body.
6. In the transport of sand minerals, transit passages will not be necessary. Therefore, unnecessary checking of sand transport will not be done on the roads.
7. Cases of theft of sand minerals will be registered only on the complaint of the Mineral Department/Panchayat/Urban body.
8. 50 percent amount of royalty received from sand mineral i.e. Rs. 50 per cubic meter will be giving to the respective gram panchayat/urban body and at the rate of 50 percent amount i.e. Rs. 50 per cubic meter to the District Mineral Foundation.
9. Amount received under District mineral foundation will be given to the construction and maintenance of roads. Apart from this, the amount will be used for river conservation and plantation, Environmental protection etc.
Illegal Sand Mining in Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh is one of the worse affected states as far as illegal sand mining is concerned. Over the years unsustainable sand mining has caused great damage to Narmada and its tributaries. The Ken, Betwa, Sindh, Chambal and Son rivers which join Yamuna and Ganga rivers has also been facing severe threats from ongoing illegal sand extraction.
Activities under Illegal mining-
- Mining without License
- Mining outside the licensed area
- Mining of minerals in excess of the approved quantity
- Mining despite the renewal of license pending
Impacts-
- Mining within or near riverbed has a direct impact on the stream's physical characteristics, such as-
- channel geometry, bed elevation,
- substratum composition and stability,
- in-stream roughness of the bed,
- flow velocity, discharge capacity,
- Sediment transport capacity, turbidity, temperature etc.
- Alteration or modification of the above attributes may cause hazardous impact on ecological equilibrium of riverine regime. This may also cause adverse impact on in- stream biota and riparian habitats. This disturbance may also cause changes in channel configuration and flow-paths.
- Excessive sand mining can alter the river bed. Force the river to change course.
- It also destroys the habitat of aquatic animals and micro-organisms besides affecting groundwater recharge of nearby areas.
- In-stream habitat is impacted by increase in river gradient, suspended load, Sediments transport and sediment deposition. Excessive sediment deposition for replenishment increases turbidity which prevents penetration of light required for photosynthesis and reduces food availability of aquatic fauna.
- Degradation may change the morphology of the river bed, which constitutes one aspect of the aquatic habitat.
- Lowering of the water table can destroy riparian vegetation
- Bed degradation may induce bank collapse and erosion by increasing the heights of banks.
- Polluting ground water by reducing the thickness of the filter material especially if mining is taking place at top of recharge fissures.
- The supply of overbank sediments to floodplains is reduced as flood heights decrease.
- Choking of sand layer which acts as filter for ingress of ground water from river by dumping of finer material, compaction of filter zone due to movement of heavy vehicles. It also reduces the permeability and porosity of the filter material
- Indiscriminate mining activities lead to increased concentration of suspended sediment in the river which in turn causes siltation of water resources projects
- Un-scientific and unregulated sand and gravel mining leads to the severe health hazards like air quality degradation and dust fog.
- Illegal sand mining is causing loss to the thousands of crores of revenue every year.
Sustainable Sand Mining Management Guidelines By Ministry of Environment forest and Climate change
The main objectives of the Guidelines-
- To ensure that sand and gravel mining is done in environmentally sustainable and socially responsible manner.
- To ensure availability of adequate quantity of aggregate in sustainable manner.
- To improve the effectiveness of monitoring of mining and transportation of mined out material.
- Ensure conservation of the river equilibrium and its natural environmental protection and restoration of the ecological system.
- Ensure that the rivers are protected from bank and bed erosion beyond its stable profile.
- No obstruction to the river flow, water transport and restoring the riparian rights and in stream habitats.
- Avoid pollution of river water leading to water quality deterioration.
- To prevent depletion of ground water reserves due to excessive draining out of ground water.
- To prevent ground water pollution by prohibiting sand mining on fissures where it works as filter prior to ground water recharge.
- To maintain the river equilibrium with the application of sediment transport principles in determining the locations, period and quantity to be extracted.
- Streamlining and simplifying the process for grant of environmental clearance (EC) for sustainable mining.
Alternative of sand mining
- Crushed sand-Crushed sand is manufactured by crushing larger stones of quarry to particular size of sand. Its chemical & physical properties such as color, size & shape, surface texture up particles depend upon types of stone & its source The artificial sand produce by machine can be a better substitute to natural river sand
Advantage of Crush Sand
- Crush sand is easily available in villages, and cities also due to availability the transportation cost are low.
- Crush sand has a property same as that of Natural River sand i.e. it can be useful for construction as its size, shape is as required.
- Crush sand is cheaper than that of natural river sand. The cost of 1 brass of crush sand is nearly about Rs 2200. And cost of river sand is Rs 5000.
- The workability of concrete manufactured with crush sand was lesser than that manufactured with natural sand.
- Compressive strength of concrete is increase when we use crush sand because it can not contain any impurity.
- Crush sand is free from chemical impurities such as sulphates and chlorides which improves the properties of concrete like strength and durability.
- Crush sand contains no organic impurities hence it gives increased strength of Concrete with same cement content.
- No wastage in crush sand since Sand is already sieved in the required size (below 4.75 mm).
- Crush sand does not harm to the environment in any way as natural sand provide harm Causing bank slides, loss of vegetation on the bank of rivers etc.
The Madhya Pradesh State Mining Corporation
It was established under the Ministry of Madhya Pradesh, Department of Mineral Instruments in the year 1962. It is located in Bhopal. The Corporation's Chief Executive Council is the governing body of this corporation. Its objective is to make a global organization capable of competing with the National Mineral Corporation, Jabalpur, Kami, Mandia, Sagar, Tikamgarh, Hoshangabad, Harda, Satna, Dhar, Jhabua, Morena, Shivpuri, Dabra (Gwalior), Dewas, Datia, Khargone under the corporation.
The Directorate of Geology and Mining, Madhya Pradesh and the Madhya Pradesh State Mining Corporation as a public sector enterprise are working under the Mineral Resources Department. Headquarters of Directorate of Geology and Mining is situated at Bhopal. Four regional offices at Jabalpur, Indore, Rewa, Gwalior and a Diamond office are situated at
Panna under the Department.
Role of Minerals in Economic Development
- Mineral resources play a very important role in the industrial development of the State. In the terms of mineral availability Madhya Pradesh is the fourth mineral prosperous State of the Nation. According to the development needs the demand of minerals together with industrial development.
- Madhya Pradesh is the only diamond producing State in the country and is the leading producer of copper, pyrophyllite, manganese ore, diaspore and clay (others). The State hosts the country's 90% diamond, 63% diaspore, 61% laterite, 56% pyrophyllite, 41% molybdenum, 29% dolomite, 17% each of rock phosphate & fireclay resources.
- Madhya Pradesh is the only producer of diamond in the country.
- State stands among the leading states in the production of manganese, dolomite, rock phosphate and fine clay.
- Madhya Pradesh is the highest cement producing state in India. It produces around 15% cement of the country.
- Malajkhand mine in Balaghat district is the largest open cast copper mine of India.
- Mining industry provides employment to 45 lakh people in the state. Mining is an important sector in providing the seasonal employment in the state.
Problems in the Mining in MP
- Problems in the Survey:-MP lacks the modem technology and resources to map the mineral resources of the state. Till now only half of the state's mineral resources are mapped.
- Traditional methods of mining:-Traditional methods of mining are prevalent in the state which are nonscientific and lacks in efficiency. Still the government sector mines mechanized.
- Lack of transportation facilities:- Mining is a high volume activity which requires road and rail connectivity for transportation despite the government efforts the transportation facilities are sub-par.
- Interdepartmental conflicts:-Forest department and Mines and Mineral department often come into conflict which creates hurdles in the development of the mines.
- Unauthorized Mining:-Unauthorized mining leads to loss of the revenue for the government and inefficient mining.
- Unskilled labors:-Most of the labors in the mining sector are unskilled which leads to poor productivity, and inefficient mining.
- High Input cost:-Lack of mechanization, unskilled labor, and inadequate transportation leads to high input cost of the mineral extraction.
- Export of raw minerals:-MP mostly exports raw minerals which lead to low value addition to the state and low employment generation.
- Use of modem technologies like GIS and remote sensing to map the mineral resources.
- Promotion of mechanization and scientific mining.
- Development of road and rail connectivity for better transportation.
- Development of inter departmental coordination mechanisms for conflict resolution.
- Skill development programs for the mining labors should be promoted.
- Government should make integrated efforts to reduce the mining cost.
- Government should promote the investment for mineral processing units to utilize the potential of mineral resources of the state, and generate more employment from the sector.
Summary
Minserals
- Minerals are naturally occurring chemical composition and a highly ordered atomic arrangement; it is usually formed by inorganic processes.
Iron Ore
- The iron ore found in the state is of high quality. Mandla, Balaghat, Jhabua,Gwalior, Jabalpur, etc have some reserves of iron ore.
Coal
- The state has a rich account of coal reserves. Coal is mainly found in lower Gondwana rocks.
- In Madhya Pradesh, coal is mainly found in Sohagpur, Johila, Singrauli, Gurumunda, Pench, Kanha Valley, etc.In terms of coal production in India Madhya Pradesh stands fourth.
- The coal belt of Madhya Pradesh is divided into two belts:
- Madhya Bharat Coal Belt It covers Singrauli, Shadol, Umaria, and Sidhi district. It is also known as Vindhya Pradesh coal belt. The biggest coal belt is located in Sohagpur in Shahdol.
- Satpura Coal Belt It covers Southern districts of Hoshangabad, Betui and Chhindwara. Its sub-regions are Kanha valley, Mohpani, Shahpura Tawa and Pench valley region.
Manganese
- Manganese is found in abundance in Madhya Pradesh. Manganese is found in old Archaean rocks.
- It is found in Balaghat and Chhindwara District of Madhya Pradesh
Mica
- It is a light layered shining material.
- Occurs in igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks.
- It is found in Balaghat, Gwalior, Chhindwara, Hoshangabad, Jhabua, Mandsaur, Narsinghpur, Shadol, Sidhi And Tikamgarh.
Bauxite
- Bauxite is the ore of aluminium.
- It is found in high plateau of Deccan trap. In the state, the bauxite reserves are mainly found in plateau region of Maikal i.e. Balaghat, Mandia, Shahdol, Kami, Satna, Rewa, Jabalpur, Anuppur, etc.
Copper
- It is extracted from metamorphic rocks. Copper is found in Balaghat, Jabalpur, Sagar, Hoshangabad, Narsinghpur, Dewas, Gwalior, Shahdol, Shivpuri, Sidhi and Chhatarpur regions of Madhya Pradesh.
Limestone
- It is a basic material for construction, metal industry and chemical industry. In Madhya Pradesh, limestone is available in various regions in abundance.
- Mainly, it is found in Gwalior, Narsinghpur, Sidhi, Satna, Rewa, Damoh, Kami, Sagar, Panna, Morena and Nimach districts.
Dolomite
- It is extracted when more than 45% of magnesium is found in limestone. Dolomite is found in Balaghat, Narsinghpur, Chhatarpur, Sagar, Mandia, Kami, Singrauli, Dewas, Jhabua and Seoni Districts.
- Marble
- In Madhya Pradesh, 'Kami Range' of marble is found which is famous for its beige colour. It is dolomitic but highly crystalline.
- It is found majorly in Kami, Jabalpur, Narsinghpur and Gwalior district.
Graphite
- Graphite is found in Betui district of Madhya Pradesh
Kaoline
- It is found in Rewa, Gwalior, Betui, Chhatarpur, Chhindwara, Jabalpur, Satna, Shahdol, and Sidhi districts. Kaoline or the China clay is used for the paper, rubber, textiles, and utensil industries.
Minerals Policy, 2010 of Madhya Pradesh
- To implement latest technology, discover new minerals and invite private sector participation. In a fixed ratio, the study and use of high and low quality minerals is to be proposed.
- Mineral development bank to be constituted.
- To check the illegal mining of minerals and their transportation.
- E-permits to be implemented for the transportation.
- To make the licensing and permit
- procedures more transparent
Madhya Pradesh sand mining policy -2017
Objectives
- To make available sand minerals at affordable rates to the common people in the state.
- To ensure the role of local bodies in sand mining.
- Conservation of ecosystem of rivers
Crushed sand
- Crushed sand is manufactured by crushing larger stones of quarry to particular size of sand. Its chemical & physical properties such as color, size & shape, surface texture up particles depend upon types of stone & its source The artificial sand produce by machine can be a better substitute to natural river sand.
The Madhya Pradesh State Mining Corporation
- It was established under the Minstry of Madhya Pradesh, Department of Mineral Instruments in the year 1962. It is located in Bhopal. The Corporation?s Chief Executive Council is the
- governing body of this corporation. Its objective is to make a global organization capable of competing with the National Mineral Corporation, Jabalpur, Kami, Mandia, Sagar, Tikamgarh
- Hoshangabad, Harda, Satna, Dhar, Jhabua, Morena, Shivpuri, Dabra (Gwalior), Dewas, Datia, Khargone under the corporation.
Role of Minerals in Economic Development
- Used in construction of buildings, bridges and housing settlement.
- Development of industries and machinery.
- Used for generation of energy mainly Coal. petroleum and natural gas.
- Used for development of defence equipment.
- Used in the field of communication like telephone, wires, cables, electronic devices etc.
- Formation of alloys for various purposes.
Problem in the Mining sector in MP
- Problems in the Survey
- Traditional methods of mining
- Lack of transportation facilities
- Interdepartmental conflicts
- Unauthorized Mining
- Unskilled labors
- High Input cost
- Export of raw minerals
Probable Questions
1. Very Short Questions
- Define minerals.
- What is crushed Sand.
- What are the major minerals found in Madhya Pradesh?
- Name the major mineral producing areas in Madhya Pradesh.
- Name the iron ore producing areas in Madhya Pradesh.
- Name the Manganese producing areas in Madhya Pradesh.
- Madhya Pradesh holds which position in production of Coal in the country?
- Name the place producing Rock Phosphate in Madhya Pradesh.
- Write a short note on Madhya Bharat coal belt.
- Write the main problems of mining sector in Madhya Pradesh.
- Madhya Pradesh is famous for which most valuable mineral?
2. Short Question
- What is the importance of Minerals in the economic development of Madhya Pradesh?
- Write a short note on Satpura coal belt.
- Write a note on Madhya Pradesh state Mining Corporation.
- Write the main provisions of state mineral policy 2010.
- Discuss about the iron ore mining areas of Madhya Pradesh.
- Give a brief account of the minerals found in Madhya Pradesh.
- Write a detailed note on the coal producing areas of Madhya Pradesh.
- Write a short note on M.P. State mining policy 2010.
- Give a brief account of the coal reserves of Madhya Pradesh. (MPPSC 2014)
- Discuss manganese production areas of Madhya Pradesh and also explain its use. (MPPSC 2015)
- Describe the copper producing areas of Madhya Pradesh. (MPPSC 2015)
- Write about diamond producing area of Madhya Pradesh. (MPPSC 2015)
3. Long Questions
- Explain the importance of minerals in economic development of the state and throw light on the major problems of the mining sector in the state.
- Give a detailed description of the major minerals found in Madhya Pradesh.
- Give a brief account about the problems facing by the mining sector of M.P. and also suggest solutions for this?
- Describe the minerals and energy resources of Madhya Pradesh. (MPPSC 2015)
