UPSC Geography Minerals and Energy Resources / खनिज और ऊर्जा संसाधन Mineral Resource Industries Population and Multipurpose Projects of India

 

Mineral Resource Industries Population and Multipurpose Projects of India

 

MINERAL RESOURCE OF INDIA

 

Minerals are the natural resources which are used in many industries as raw materials. Iron ore, manganese, bauxite, copper, etc. are such minerals.

Minerals are of two types: metallic and non-metallic. Iron ore and copper are metallic minerals while limestone and dolomite are non-metallic minerals.

Metallic minerals are further sub-divided into ferrous and non-ferrous minerals. Those metallic minerals which have iron content belong to ferrous group. The metallic minerals belonging to non-ferrous group do not have iron content.

India is rich in iron, mica, manganese, bauxite; self-sufficient in antimony, building materials, cement materials, clay, chromite, lime, dolomite, and gold, but deficient in copper, lead, mercury, zinc, tin, nickel, petroleum products, rock phosphate, sulphur, and tungsten.

Mineral resources like potassium are totally absent and have to be imported. Minerals like crude petroleum (which accounts for about 80 per cent of the total value of Indian imports) diamonds (uncut), sulphur, and rock phosphorus are imported.

The state with the highest mineral output is Jharkhand.

India is rich in ferrrous metals but its reserves of non-ferrous metals are poor.

 

 

Mineral	Ore		Found in	Features
Iron	Magnetite-the best quality of iron ore and contains 72% pure iron. Haematite-contains 60 to 70% pure iron. Limonite-contains 40 to 60% pure iron. Siderite-contains many impurities and has just 40 to 50% pure iron.		Odisha (Sonai, Mayubhanj, Keonjhar), Jharkhand and Bihar (Singhbhum Hazaribagh, Palamau, Shahbad), Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh (Raipur, Durg, Bastar, Raigarh, Bilaspur, Jabalpur, Balaghat), Andhra Pradesh (Krishna, Kurnool, Chittor, Cuddapha, Warangal, Guntur), Tamil Nadu (Salem, Tiruchirapalli), Karnataka (Ballary, Chitradurg, Chikmagalur), Maharashtra (Ratnagiri, Chanda), Goa	India has the world's largest reserves, approximately one- fourth of world's known reserves; Jharkhand has the largest reserves accounting for about 25% of the total reserves of iron ore in India.
Coal (Black Gold)	Anthracite Coal?the best quality of coal and contains 80 to 95% carbon. It is found only in Jammu and Kashmir in small quantity. Bituminous coal?The most widely used coal and contains 40 to 80% carbon. It is found in Jharkhand, Orissa, West Bengal, Chhattisgarh and Madhya Pradesh. Lignite- Also known as brown coal. It is a lower grade coal and contains about 40 to		Bihar-Jharkhand-Bengal belt (Raniganj, Jharia, Giridih, Bokaro, Karanpur), Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh belt (Singrauli, Korba, Raigarh, Sonhat, Sohagpur. Umaria), Odisha (Desgarh, Talcher), Maharashtra (Chand), Andhra Pradesh (Singreni), Assam (Makum, Lakhimpur); in small quantities in Arunachal Pradesh, Meghalaya, Jammu and Kashmir, and Nagaland	?About one-fourth of India?s coal reserves lie in the Damodar Valley, across Bihar, Jharkhand, and West Bengal. India is the fourth largest coal producing country in the world according to 1992 coal production in the country.?
		50% carbon. It is found in Palna of Rajasthan, Neyveli of Tamil Nadu, Lakhimpur of Assam and Karewa of ammu and Kashmir. Peat-It is the first stage of transformation of wood nto coal and contains less than 40% Carbon.
Manganese		India has the second largest manganese ore reserves in the world after Zimbabwe. India is the fifth largest producer in the world after Brazil, Gabon, South Africa and Australia.	Odisha (Keonjhar, Kalahandi, Mayurbhaj, Talcher) Madhya Pradesh (Balaghat, Seoni, Chhindwara, Jabalpur), Maharashtra (Nagpur, Bhandara, Ratnagiri), Gujarat (Panchmahal), Kamataka (Chitradurg, Tumkur, Shimoga, Chikmagalur, Belgaum, North Canara, Dharwar), Jharkhand (Singbhum), Andhra Pradesh (Visakhapatnam), Rajasthan (Udaipur, Bansawara)		Orissa is the leading producer of manganese in the country. India ranks third in world in manganese reduction.
Mica		The three major types of mica found in India are - Muscovite, Phlogopite and Biotite.	Bihar (Gaya), Jharkhand (Hazanbagh), Rajasthan (Ajmer, Shahpur, Tonk, Bhilwara, Jaipur), Andhra Pradesh (Nellore)		India has largest deposits of mica in world India alone contributes about two-thirds of the world's production
Bauxite (aluminium ore)			Jharkhand (Palamu), Gujarat (Kaira), Madhya Pradesh (Katni, Jabalpur, Balaghat, Bilaspur, Bastar), Tamil Nadu (Salem), Kamataka (Chitradurg, Belgaum), Maharashtra (Kolhapur), Jammu and Kashmir (Kotii)		Third largest producer in the world.
Copper		India contributes to about 3.5 to 4% of the world's total production of copper.	Jharkhand (Singhbhum, Hazanbagh), Rajasthan (Khetri, Alwar, Bhilwara, Jhunjhunu, Sirohi), Andhra Pradesh (Guntur, Khamman, Agnigundala), Kamataka (Chitradurg, Hassan, Chikmagalur, Raichur), Madhya Pradesh (Balaghat), Gujarat (Banaskantha); some quantities also found in Sikkim, Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu.		Very meager reserves; almost all copper comes from Singbhum and Hazaribagh in Jharkhand and Khetri in Rajasthan.
Crude oil		51.08 crore tones	Assam, Tripura, Manipur, West Bengal, Ganga Valley, Himachal Pradesh, Kutch of West Bengal coast, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, and Gujarat.
Lignite		429 crore tones	Tamil Nadu (Neyveli fields) Some deposits also found in Gujarat, Punducherry, Rajasthan (Palana fields) Jammu and Kashmir (Riasi fields).		Maximum deposits of about 383 cioie tones, are found in Tamil Nadu.
Gold		India's contribution to gold production across the world is less than one percen (0.75%).	Karnataka (Kolar gold fields, Hutt t Mines), in small quantities in Andhra Pradesh (Ramgiri gold fields and Anantpur).		Karnataka was the leading producer of i gold accounting for 99% of the total 1 production. The remaining production came from Jharkhand.
Magnesite		23.91 crore tones	Tamil Nadu (Salem), Uttrancha (Almora, Chamoli, Pithoragarh),Karnataka (Mysore, Hassan)

INDUSTRY

 

Agro-Based Industry

 

This group of industries depend on the raw material produced by agricultural sector. The products comprise mostly of the consumer goods.

 

 

Cotton Textiles Industry

 

 

Cotton accounts for 70% of the total fabric produced.

• The first modern cotton textile mill was set up in 1818 at Fort Glaster near KolKata. But this mill could not survive and had to be closed down.
• The first successful modern cotton textile mill was established at Mumbai in 1854 by a local Parsi entrepreneur C.N.Dewar.

 

Geographical distribution

Mumbai, Ahmedabad, Surat, Solapur, Pune, Nagpur

(Maharashtra and Gujarat). Coimbatore, Madurai and Chennai (Tamil Nadu), Ludhiana (Punjab), Bengaluru (Karnataka),Kolkata (West Bengal), Kanpur (Uttar  Pradesh).

 

Woolen Textile Industry

 

• The first woolen textiles mill was set up in 1876 at Kanpur, because Kanpur was the principal depot for the British Indian Army.
• The woolen textiles industry in India is partly a cottage industry and partly, a factory industry.

 

Georaphical spread

Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh), Dhariwal and Ludhiana (Punjab), Mumbai (Maharashtra), Bengaluru (Karnataka), Jamnagar (Gujarat), Srinagar (Jammu and Kashmir).

 

Jute Textiles Industry

• This jute mill was set up at Rishra near Calcutta in 1855.

• After independence, this sector made rapid progress as anexport-oriented industry.

 

Geographical location

• Nearly 90% of the manufacturing capacity is located in a narrow belt about 100 km long and 3 km wide along river Hooghly.
• Recently slight dispersal of industries have been marked as the use of gunny bag has increased to many folds in sugar and cement industries. These industries are producing gunny bags using local fibres like mesta and Bimlipatlan as the raw material for production.
• West Bengal accounts for 84.1 per cent of the total jute manufactures of the country.
• Andhra Pradesh contributes another 10 percent of the production.
• India ranks number two in the export of jute goods in the world.

 

 

Sugar Industry

 

Indian sugar industry is the second largest agro-based industry in India.

 

Geographical distribution

Uttar Pradesh and Bihar alone account for 70% of th productive capacity and 75% of the total employment of 30 lakh.

• Uttar Pradesh: There are two belts one in western Uttar Pradesh and the other in eastern Uttar Pradesh. The western belt includes Meerut, Saharanpur, Muzaffarnagar, Bijnor and Moradabad, and the eastern belt includes Gorakhpur, Deoria, Basti and Gonda.
• Bihar: This is an extension of the eastern Uttar Pradesh belt, which includes Darbhanda, Saran, Champaran and Muzaffarpur.
• The reasons for concentration of sugar industry in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar are-

(i) fertile alluvial soil, rich in lime and potash;

(ii) level topography-suitable for irrigation;

(iii) abundant water for washing and processing;

(iv) sugar industry is relatively independent of coal and electricity, because bagasse is enough to run steam;

(v) densely populated market with excellent transport links;

(vi) availability of cheap labour;

(vii) cultivation is done in compact block, which ensures ready availability of fresh cane to factories.

• In Maharashtra, Nasik, Pune, Satara, Sangli, Kolhapur, Sholapur are the centres well integrated in the cooperative sector in terms of cultivation and sugar factories.
• In Punjab, Centres exist mainly in the eastern side, in Phagwara, Dhuri.
• In Karnataka, Munirabad, Shimoga and Mandya are the main centres.
• In Tamil Nadu, Nalikupuram, Pugulur, Coimbatore and Pandyarajpuram are famous for producing sugar.
• Andhra Pradesh. Nizamabad, Medak, west and east Godavari, Visakhapatnam and Chittoor produce sugar.
  • In Odisha Bargarh and Rayagada in Odisha produce sugar.
  • In Madhya Pradesh, Sehore is the sugar producing centre.

 

Differences in Sugar production in North India and Peninsular India.

1. Yields are higher in south India
2. The southern sugarcane, being of the tropical variety, has more sucrose content.

3.         The crushing season is longer in the south, where it lasts from October to May-June. In the north, it lasts from November to February.

 

 

Silk Industry

 

• India is the only country producing all the five known commercial varieties of silk, viz. Mulberry, Tasar (Tropical), Oak Tasar. Eri and Muea.
• India is the second largest producer of raw silk, accounting for 20% of the world production, next to China.
• Karnataka is the foremost silk producing state in India, which accounts for 50% of Mulberry silk of the country.
• About 50% of India’s silk cloth is also manufactured in Karnataka, followed by West Bengal (13% of country’s total silk).

           

 

Metallurgical Industries

 

 

• These industries form the economic backbone of a developing country.

 

 

Iron and Steel Industry

 

• The first iron and steel unit on modem lines was established in 1830 at Porto Novo in Tamil Nadu.

• But the real beginning of modern iron and steel industry was made in 1907 when TISCO was set up at Sakchi, Jamshedpur.
• Indian Iron and Steel company (IISCO). Three plants at Kulti, Hirapur and Burnpur in West Bengal were set up in 1864, 1908 and 1937 respectively.
• Mysore steel works at Bhadravati came into existence in 1923, produces alloy and pig iron.
• Steel Authority of India (SAIL) established in 1973, SAIL is a government undertaking and is responsible for the management of Steel plants at Bhilai, Durgapur, Rourkela, Bokaro and Burnpur.
  • India is eighth largest producer of steel in the world.
• The first on-shore steel plant in India was set up at Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh) India is the leading country in the production of sponge iron.
• Steel Authority of India Ltd (SAIL) has the highest sales followed by Tata Steel Ltd (2004-05).

 

Different Steel Plants and their location

TISCO (Jharkhand) \[\to \]1907

Visweswaraya Steel Plant (Karnataka) \[\to \] 1923

Bhilai Steel Plant (Chhattisgarh) \[\to \]1957

Bokaro Steel Plant (Jharkhand) \[\to \] 1964

Rourkela Steel Plant (Orissa) \[\to \] 1959

Durgapur Steel Plant (West Bengal) \[\to \] 1959

 

Aluminium Smelting Industry

• Aluminium smelting is the second important metallurgical industry of India, next only to Iron and Steel industry.
• Manufacturing of aluminium metal commenced in 1886 and fabrication of utensils from imported metal started in 1929.
  • Indian Aluminium company started its production in 1938.
• The Indian Aluminium company Ltd. (INOAL) started fabrication of sheets from imported alumina in 1943 and production of alumina from indigenous bouxite in 1948.
• INDAL have 3 unit viz. at Muri (Jharkhand), at Alupuram (Kerala) and at Belur (Karnataka).
  • Aluminium is extracted from bauxite at Muri in Jharkhand.
• The reduction plant of alumina is located at Alupuram in Kerala and the fabrication plant at Belur manufactures aluminium sheets, rods, aluminium paste, electric conductors, domestic utensils etc.
• In order to achieve the economics of scale, a second smelter was set up at Hirakud.
• The Hindustan Aluminium Corporation Limited (HINDALCO) is located at Renukoot near Mirzapur in Uttar Pradesh and the Bharat Aluminium Company (BALCO) has set up two units at Korba and Ratnagiri, to utilize bauxite ores of Amarkantak in Chhattisgarh and of Udaigiri Dhangarvadi region in Maharashtra, respectively.
• Integrated Aluminium plant of NALCO at Damanjodi near Jeypur in Koraput district of Odisha is the largest complex in India.
• NALCO, the lowest cost producer of aluminium in the world, at present ranked among the top 10 global companies and is the second to HINDALCO in India.
• Aluminium companies with the highest sales in descending order: HINDALCO, NALCO, INDAL, MALCO A huge public sector aluminium company, the National Aluminium Company (NALCO) was set up with assistance from a French company at Damanjodi near Jeypore (Koraput district in Odisha).

 

Engineering Industries

 

 

• Manufacturing of heavy machinery made a begining in 1958 when Heavy Engineering Corporation Ltd. was set up at Ranchi (Jharkhand).
• These industries contribute about 10% of the total exports of the country.
• Drills for drilling holes in rocky areas are manufactured at Naroda (Ahmedabad).
• Kirloskar Brothers Ltd is the pioneer company in the manufacturing of machine tools.
• HMT is the largest manufacture of machine tools in the country.
• HMT’s plants: Bengaluru, Pinjore, Kalamassery (Kerala), Hyderabad, Sri Nagar and Ajmer.
• Locomotives: Chittaranjan Locomotive Works, Diesel Locomotive Works (Varanasi), Tata Engineering and Locomotive Works (Jamshedpur) in 1964.
• BHEL, Bhopal has been developed to manufacture electric locomotive for the Indian railways.
  • Wheel and Axle Plant was set up at Bengaluru in 1984.
• The Integral Coach Factory at Perampur near Chennai was set up in 1955 with Swiss collaboration.
• Rail Coach Factory at Kapurthala (Punjab) was set up in 1988.
• Bharat Movers Limited at Bengaluru also produces railways coaches.
• Most of wagons are produced in private sector. About 60% of wagons are produced in West Bengal.

 

 

Automobile Industry

 

• The real development of the industry began with the establishment of the premier Automobiles LTd. at Kuria (Mumbai) in 1947 and the Hindustan Motors Ltd. at Uttarpara (Kolkota) in 1948.
  • Automobile Industry contributes about 5% to GDP.
  • Top four automobile companies with the highest sales:
• Tata Motors
• Maruti Udyog Ltd.
  • Mahindra & Mahindra Ltd.
• Ashok Leyland Ltd.
• In medium and heavy commercial vehicles, TELCO produces over 70% of such vehicles in India.
  • In passenger cars, Maruti Udyog Ltd is at the top position.
  • Almost the entire production of jeeps comes from
• Mahindra, Mumbai.
• Indian has second largest market for two - wheelers in the world after China.

 

Fertilizer Industry

 

 

• The first super-phosphate factory was set up at Ranipet in Tamil Nadu in 1906.
• India is now the third largest producer of nitrogenous fertilizers in the world.
• Gujarat has more than 14% of the country’s total installed capacity in India followed by Tamil Nadu (11 %) and UP (9%).

 

 

Aircraft Industry

 

• The first aircraft industry was set up at Bengaluru in 1940 under the name of Hindustan Aircraft Ltd.
• Later, Hindustan Aircraft Ltd was merged into Aeronautics India Ltd in 1964 to form Hindustan Aeronautics Ltd.
  • Different Divisions of HAL and production:
  • Nashik division - MIG airframe
  • Koraput division - Engine of MIG aircraft
  • Hyderabad division - Electronic equipment of MIG.
  • Transport aircrafts are manufactured at Kanpur.
• Recently, a factory was set up at Lucknow for producing equipment for aircraft.
  • Ship Building Industry.

 

Main Centres	Public Sector
Kolkata (West Bengal)	The Garden Reach work shop
Vishakhapatnam (Andhra Pradesh)	Hindustan Shipyard Ltd.
Cochin (Kerala)	Cochin Shipyard Ltd.
Mumbai (Maharastra)	The Mazgaom Dock
Goa	Goa Shipyard.

 

 

Cement Industry

 

 

• The first attempt to manufacture cement in India was made in 1904 when a mill based on sea shells as a source of limestone was established at chennai. But this attempt proved obortive and a really successful attempt was made in 1912-13 when the Indian cement co. Ltd set up a plant at porbandar.
• The Indian Cement industry is the second largest in the world after that of China.
• States with the largest cement capacity are Andhra Pradesh, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat (in, descending order).

 

 

Glass Industry

 

 

• The first successful organised slass factory was set up in 1941.
• The Industry under went large scale modernisation after Independence. At present, India is a major producer of glass and glass products.
• The main raw material for the industry is silica sand, Uttar Pradesh is the leading producer of glass in India followed by West Bengal and Maharashtra.
• Ferozabad in Agra district is the largest producer of glass, followed by Bahjoi, Nairn, Hathras, Sasni and Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh.

 

 

India Towns Associated with Industries

 

Town	State	Indistries
Ahmedabad	Gujarat	Cotton Textiles
Agra	U.P.	Leather, Marble, Carpet, glass
Aligarh	U.P,	Locks, Cultery
Ankleshwar	Gujarat	Oil Fields
Ambernath	Maharashtra	Machine Tools
Anand	Gujarat	Milk and its Products
Ambala	Haryana	Scientific Instruments
Bangalore	Karnataka	Telephones Aircrafts, Motors, Cotton, Textiles, Toys
Batanagar	West Bengal	Shoes
Barielly	Uttar Pradesh	Resin Industries, Match Factory
Bhilai	Chhattisgarh	Steel Plant
Bhandara	Maharashtra	Explosives
Bhadravati	Karnataka	Iron & Steel
Bhadohi	Uttar Pradesh	Carpets
Churk	Madhya Pradesh	Cement
Cyberabad	Andhra Pradesh	Electronics, Computers, Information Technology
Chitranjan	West Bengal	Locomotive
Kolkata	West Bengal	Jute, Leather, Electric goods
Cochin	Kerala	Coffee, Coconut
Digboi	Assam	Petroleum
Darjeeling	Best Bengal	Tea
Frazabad	Madhya Pradesh	Bangal Works
Hardwar	Uttarkhand	Heavy electricals
Jamshedpur	Jharkhand	Iron & Steel, Locomotives, Railway Coaches
Jabalpur	Madhya Pradesh	Bidi Industry
Jainakot	Jammu & Kashmir	H.M.T. Watch
Kanpur	Uttar Pradesh	Cotton and Woollen mills, Leather, sugar
Katni	Madhya Pradesh	Cement
Koyna	Maharashtra	Aluminium factory
Kanchipuram	Tamil Nadu	Silk Clothes
Karnal	Haryana	Dairy product
Kandia	Gujarat	Chemical fertiliser, famous port
Khetri	Rajasthan	Copper Industries
Ludhiana	Punjab	Hosiery
Lucknow	Uttar Pradesh	Embroidery work, chicken work
Mathura	Uttar Pradesh	Oil refinery
Meerut	Uttar Pradesh	Publication work, sports goods, scissors making
Modinagar	Uttar Pradesh	Nylon thread
Nagpur	Maharashtra	Cotton mills
Nepanagar	Madhya Pradesh	Newsprint
Panna	Madhya Pradesh	Diamond Mining
Pinjore	Haryana	Hindustan Machines Tools
Raniganj	West Bengal	Coal mining
Renukoote	Uttar Pradesh	Aluminium plant
Rishikesh	Uttarkhand	Antibiotic plant
Saharanpur	Uttar Pradesh	Cigarett factory, News print
Srinagar	Jammu & Kashmir	Woolen shawls, silk, woodwork
Surat	Gujarat	Cotton textiles, Diamond Cutting
Vishakhapatnam	Andhra Pradesh	Ship building, Iron, and steel, oil refinery
Varanasi	Uttar Padesh	Rail Engines and Saari Industries

 

 

ENERGY

 

Conventional Energy

 

 

• Power development in India commenced with the commissioning of electricity supply in Darjeeling during 1897, followed by a hydropower station at Sivasamudram in Karnataka during 1902.
  • India is the fifth largest electricity producing in the world.
• The installed power generation capacity in the country has been increased to 144564.97 MW (31 October 2007) comprising 88216MW thermal, 34391MW hydro, 6190.86MW wind and 3360 MW nuclear.

 

 

Major Power Plants

 

Thermal Power Plant

Power Station	Operator	Year of Establishment	Location	District	State
Talcher Super Thermal Power Station	NTPC	1995	Kaniha	Angul	Odisha
Sipat Thermal Power Plant	NTPC	2008	Sipat	Bilaspur	Chhattisgarh
Vindhyachal Super Thermal Power Station	NTPC	2013	Singrauli	Vindhya Nagar	Madhya Pradesh
Mundra Ultra Mega Power Project	Tata Power	2009	Mundra	Kutch	Gujarat
Korba Super Thermal Power Plant	NTPC	1983	Jamani Palli	Korba	Chhattisgarh
Bhusawal Thermal Power Station	MAHAG ENCO	1968	Deepnagar Jalgaon	Jalgao	Maharashtra
Satpura Thermal Power Station	MPPGCL	1967	Sarni	Betul	Madhya Pradesh
Sterlite Jharsuguda Power Station	Vedanta	2006	Jharsuguda	Jharsuguda	Odisha
Durgapur Thermal Power Station	DVC	1996	Durgapur	Bardhaman	West Bengal

 

 

 

Nuclear Power Plant  

Power Station	Operator	Year of Establishment	Location	District	State
Tarapur Atomic Power Station	NPCIL	1969	Tarapur	Thane	Maharashtra
Rajasthan Atomic Power Station	NPCIL	1973	Rawatbhata	Chittorgarh	Rajasthan
Kakrapar Atomic Power Station	NPCIL	1993	Kakrapar	Surat	Gujarat
Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant	NPCIL	2013	Kudankulam	Tirunelveli	Tamil Nadu
Kaiga Nuclear Power Plant	NPCIL	2000	Kaiga	Uttara Kannada	Kamataka
Madras Atomic Power Station	NPCIL	1984	Kalpakkam	Kancheepuram	Tamil Nadu
Narora Atomic Power Station	NPCIL	1991	Narora	Bulandshahar	Uttar Pradesh
Gorakhpur Atomic Power Station	NPCIL		Fatehabad	Fatehabad	Haryana

 

 

 

Hydro Power Plant

Power Station	Operator	Year of Establishment	Location	State
Bhakra Dam	BBMB	1963	Bilaspur	Himachal Pradesh,
Tehri Dam	THDC India Limited	2006	Tehri	Uttarakhand
Machkund	APGENCO	1955	Jeypore	Andhra Pradesh
Hirakund - I	OHPC	1957	Burla	Odisha
Saradar Sarovar-RBPH	SSNNL	2006	Navagam	Gujrat

 

 

Wind Power Plant

Power Station	Operator	Year of Establishment	Location	State
Muppandal Wind Farm	Muppandal Winds	1985	Kanyakumri	Tamil Nadu
Jaisalmer Wind Farm	Suzlon Energy	2001	Jaisalmer	Rajasthan
Brahmanvel Wind Farm	Parakh Agro Industry	2006	Dhule	Maharashtra
Dhalgaon	Grade Mission Export	2008	Sangli	Maharashtra
Damanjodi wind Plant	Suzlon Energy	2014	Koraput	Odisha

 

 

 

India's Major Photovoltaic (PV) Solar Power Plants

Power Station	Operator	Year of Establishment	Location	State
Charanka Solar Power Plant	GMR group	2012	Patan	Gujarat
Neemuch Solar Power Plant	Welspun Solar.	2014	Neemuch	Madhya Pradesh
Sakri Power Plant	Maharashtra state power generation company	2013	Dhule	Maharashtra
GEDCOL Solar Power Plant	Green Energy Development Corporation Ltd.	2014	Boudh district	Odisha
Dhirubhai Ambani Solar Plant	Reliance Industries	2012	Jaisalmer	Rajasthan

 

 

OTHER ENERGY SOURCES

 

 

• A five KW, geothermal pilot power plant has been commissioned at Manikaran in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh. Puga valley in Ladakh and Tattapani in Chhattisgarh have been finalised for geothermal plant.
  • In tidal energy, India has the potential of 8000-9000 MW.

The Gulf of Khambhat (7000 MW), followed by Gulf of Kachchh (1000 MW) and Sunderbans (100 MW) are significant sites for tidal power. The feasibility of a tidal power project at Durgaduani creek in Sunderbans area of West Bengal is also being examined.

• One wave energy power plant has been installed at Vizhinjam near Thiruvananthapuram. Another plant is being set up in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands.
• The first plant of ocean thermal energy conversion of 100 MW is proposed to be set up off the coast of Tamil Nadu.

 

 

MAJOR PORTS

 

On the West Coast

 

1.            Cochin Port, Kerala: It is major natural port. It deals in fertilizers, petroleum and general cargo.

2.            Jawaharlal Nehru Port, Maharashtra: Major port in Mumbai. It is ranked among world?s top 30 ports. Earlier it was called as Nhava Sheva.

3.            Kandia Port, Gujarat: It is a tidal port and a free trade zone has been set up here. Important traffic handles are crude oil, petroleum products, edible oil, foodgrains, salt, cotton etc. It is located in Runn of Kachchh.

4.            Marmugao Port, Goa: One of the oldest natural harbor on west coast. It was declared a major port. In 1963. It occupies the fifth position in terms of total quantum of traffic handled.

5.            New Mangalore Port, Karnataka: It is an all-weather port. Iron ore of Kudremukh is being exported now here.

Other items are petroleum products, fertilizers, molasses, etc. It is an Artificial Lagoon port.

6.            Port of Mumbai, Maharashtra: Port of Mumbai has long been the principal gateway of India. Mumbai handles the maximum traffic. It is a natural harbour with wet dock. It handles over one fifth of the total traffic of ports, mostly petroleum products and dry cargo.

 

 

On the East Coast

 

7.            Kolkata Port, West Bengal: Kolkata is the oldest major port in the country. Kolkata Port is India's only riverine port. It has the most sophisticated port facilities with extensive storage facility for diverse cargo.

8.            Paradip Port, Odisha: One of India's major ports, located in Paradip. Government of India declared Paradip as the Eighth Major Port of India on 18 April 1966 making it the first major port in the east coast commissioned in Independent India. It handles iron ore and some quantities of coal and dry cargo. It is a wet dock.

9.            Port of Cheimai, Tamil Nadu: It is the second largest port in the volume of traffic handled. Important items are petroleum products, crude oil, fertilizers, iron ore and dry cargo and oldest artificial port of India. It has artificial harbour and a wet dock.

10.          Port of Visakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh: It is described as the Brightest Jewel of all Indian major ports for its outstanding performance and productivity. It is the deepest port. An outer harbour has been developed for exporting iron ore and a berth for crude oil is located here. It has both artificial and natural harbour.

11.          Tuticorin Port, Tamil Nadu : Tuticorin Port is anartificial deep-sea harbour. It is an all-weather port. It handles mainly coal, salt, edible oil, dry cargo and petroleum products.

12.          Kamarajor Port Ltd. Tamil Nadu: It is the 12th major port and first corporatised major port in India; a Government of India undertaking. It handles coal, iron ore, LNG, chemical & other liquids, & crude since 2001.

Artificial harbour is found here.

Ennore Port, officially renamed Kamarajar Port limited, is located on the Coromandel Coast.

13.          Portblair-Andman Nicobar: It is the latest addition to the major port on June 2010, the thirteen port in the country.

 

 

Minor and Intermediate Ports

 

There are 140 such ports which include Rediport (Maharashtra), Kakinada (Andhra Pradesh) and Calicut (Kerala). Other ports proposed to be developed as minor ports are Andaman and Nicobar, Lakshadweep and Puducherry. These ports can relieve the overloaded major ports and can be used as bases for deep-sea fishing. These ports mainly serve coastal trade and support passenger traffic where there is no proper rail or road link.

 

Tribal Groups of India
Tribal Group	Found in	Tribal Group	Found in
Abhor	Arunachal Pradesh	Khond	Jharkhand
Adivasi	AP, Bihar, Odisha, Jharkhand, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Tamilnadu, Some Northeastern States, West Bangal, Andaman and Nicobar	Khasi	Meghalaya
Ahgani	Manipur	Kharia	Jharkhand, Odisha
Apatani	Arunachal Pradesh	Kol	Madhya Pradesh
Baiga	Madhya Pradesh	Kolam	Maharashtra, Andhra Pradesh, Telengana, MP
Bakarwal	Jammu and Kashmir	Kota	Karnataka
Bhil	M.P and Rajasthan	Kuki	Mizoram
Birhor	M.P and Bihar	Lahaula	Himachal Pradesh
Chang	Nagaland	Lepcha	Sikkim
Chenchuas	Telengana, Karnataka	Lushai	Mizoram, Manipur
Sutiya	Assam	Muria	Chhattisgarh
Gaddis	Himachal Pradesh	Miha	Rajasthan
Gallong	Arunachal Pradesh	Moplah	Malabar
Garo	Meghalaya	Munda	West Bengal, Jharkhand, Odisha, Chhattishgarh
Gond	M.P and Bihar	Nishi	Assam
Gujjar	Rajasthan	Naga	Nagaland
Irula	Tamil Nadu	Oraon	MP, Bihar and Odisha, Chhotanagpur, WB,
Jaintia	Meghalaya	Onges	Andaman & Nicobar
Jarawa	Andamans	Singpho	Assam, Arunachal Pradesh
Kanikar	Tamil Nadu and Kerala	Santhal	WB, Odisha & Bihar, Jharkhand, Assam
Kalkari	Maharashtra	Sangtam	Nagaland
Kharia	Maharashtra	Sema	Nagaland
		Sentinelese	Andaman & Nicobar
		Shompen	Andaman & Nicobar
		Toda	Tamil Nadu
		Uralis	Kerala
		Wancho	Arunachal Pradesh
		Warli	Maharashtra, Daman and Diu, Bihar, Madhaya  Pradesh, West Bengal Dadra, Nasar Haveli

 

Population Analysis (Census-2011)

 

1. Highest Population (State)

(i) U.P. - 19.981 crore

(ii) Maharastra - 11.237 crore

(iii) Bihar - 10.409 crore

Highest Population (Union Territory)

(i) Delhi - 16787941

(ii) Puducherry - 1247953

(iii) Chandigarh - 1055450

2. Lowest Population (State)

(i) Sikkim - 610,577

(ii) Mizoram- 1,097,206

Lowest population (U.T.)

(i) Lakshadweep - 64,473

(ii) Daman & Diu - 243,247

3. Highest Literacy (State)

(i) Kerala-94%

(ii) Mizoram-91.3%

(iii) Goa- 88.7%

(iv) Tripura - 87.2%

4. Lowest Literacy (State)

(i) Bihar-61.8%

(ii) Arunanchal Pradesh - 65.4%

(iii) Rajasthan- 66.1%

Highest Literacy (U.T.)

(i) Lakshedweep - 91.8%

(ii) Daman & Diu-87.1%

(iii) Andmann & Nicobar Island - 86.6%

Lowest Literacy (U.T.)

(i) Dadara & Nagar Haveli - 76.2%

(ii) Puducherry - 85.8%

5. Highest Sex Ratio (State)

(i) Kerala - 1084

(ii) Tamil nadu - 996

(iii) Andhra pradesh - 993

Lowest Sex Ratio (State)

(i) Haryana - 879

(ii) Jammu & Kasmir - 889

(iii) Sikkim - 890

Highest Sex Ratio (U.T.)

(i) Puducherry - 1087

(ii) Lakshadweep - 947

(iii) Andmann & Nicobar Island - 876

Lowest Sex Ratio (U.T.)

(i) Daman & Diu-618

(ii) Dadra & Nagar Haweli - 774

6. Highest Density (State)

(i) Bihar-1106

(ii) W. Bengal - 1028

(iii) Kerala - 860

Highest Density (U.T.)

(i) Delhi-11320

(ii) Chandigarh - 9258

(iii) Puducherry - 2547

Lowest Density (State)

(i) Arunanchal Pradesh - 17

(ii) Mizoram - 52

(iii) Sikkim - 86

Lowest Density (U.T.)

(i) Andman & Nicobar - 46

(ii) Dadra and Nagar Haweli - 700

7. Highest population growth (State)

(i) Meghalaya - 27.9

(ii) Arunanchal Pradeah - 26.0

(iii) Bihar - 25.4

Lowest population growth (State)

(i) Nagaland - (-) 0.6

(ii) Kerala - 4.9

(iii) Lakshadweep - 6.3

Highest population growth (U.T.)

(i) Dadar& Nagar Haweli - 55.90

(ii) Daman & Diu - 53.8

Lowest population growth (U.T.)

(i) Lakshadweep - 6.3

(ii) Andmann & Nicobar Island - 6.9

Ethnic Groups
Tribes	Race	Islands
Onges	Negroid	Little Nicobar
Sentmelese	Negroid	Sentinel Island
Jarawa	Negroid	Middle & South Andaman
Andamanese	Negroid	Strait Island
Shompen	Mongloid	Great Nicobar
Nicobarese	Mongloid	Great Nicobar

 

 

Multipurpose Projects

Sr. No.	Name of the Project	River	Purpose	Beneficiary States
1.	Bhakra-Nangal Project The project consists of: (i) Bhakra dam (second highest in the     world) - 518 m long, 226 high (ii) Nangal dam (iii) Nangal hydel channels (iv) 4 power houses (Biggest in Asia)	Sutlej (Hoshiarpur district in Punjab)	Power and irrigation	Punjab, Himachal Pradesh, Haryana, and Rajasthan
2.	Damodar Valley Corporation Project The project consists of: (i) Tilaiya dam (ii) Konar dam (iii) Maithon dam (iv) Panchet Hill dam (v) Power houses at Bokaro, Durgapur, and Chandrapur	Damodar	Power, irrigation, flood control	Bihar and West Bengal, shared by Madhya Pradesh
3.	Hirakund This is a dam project. The main dam is 4,800 m long, 28.9 m high (World?s largest mainstream dam)	Mahanadi	Power and irrigation	Odisha
4.	Tungabhadra Project	Tungabhadra (tributary of river Krishna)	Power and irrigation	Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka
5.	Mayurakshi Project	Murali	Power and irrigation	West Bengal
6.	Nagarjunasagar Project	Krishna	Power and irrigation	Andhra Pradesh
7.	Gandak River Project	Gandak (tributary of Ganga)	Power and irrigation	Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Nepal (Joint venture of India and Nepal)
8.	Kosi Project	Kosi	Flood control, power and irrigation	Bihar
9.	Farakka Project	Ganga, Bhagirathi	Power, irrigation, avoid accumulation of silt to improve navigation	West Bengal
10.	Beas Project Units : Beas-Sutlej link Beas dam at Pong Beas transmission system	Beas	Irrigation and power	Rajasthan, Haryana, Punjab, and Himachal Pradesh
11.	Rajasthan Canal Project	Sutlej in Punjab, Beas, and Ravi	Irrigation	Rajasthan, Punjab and Haryana
12.	Chambal Project Units (a) Gandhisagar dam (b) Rana Pratap Sagar dam (c) Jawahar Sagar dam	Chambal	Power and irrigation	Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan
13.	Kakrapara Project	Tapti	Irrigation	Gujarat
14.	Nagpur Power Station		Koradi	Thermal power Maharashtra
15.	Ukai Project	Tapti	Power and irrigation	Gujarat
16.	Tawa Project	Tawa (Narmada)	Irrigation	Madhya Pradesh
17.	Poochampad Project	Godavari	Irrigation	Andhra Pradesh
18.	Malaprabha Proiect	Malaprabha	Irrigation	Karnataka
19.	Durgapur Barrage	Damodar	Irrigation, Navigation, between Kolkata and Raniganj	West Bengal and Bihar
20.	Mahi	Mahi	Irrigation	Gujarat
21.	Mahanadi Delta Project	Mahanadi	Irrigation	Orissa
22.	Idukki Project	Periyar	Hydroelectricity	Kerala
23.	Koyna Project	Koyna	Hydroelectricity	Maharashtra
24.	Upper Krishna Project	Krishna	Irrigation	Karnataka
25.	Ramaganga Multipurpose Project	Chisot stream near kala	Power and irrigation	Uttar Pradesh
26.	Matatilla project	Betwa	Multipurpose power and irrigation	Uttar Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh
27.	Tehri Dam Project	Bhilangana, Bhagirath	Hydroelectricity	Uttar Pradesh
28.	Narmada Sagar Valley Project	Narmada	-	Madhya Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, and Maharashtra
29.	Obra Power Station	Obra	Thermal power	Uttar Pradesh
30.	Rihand Scheme	Rihand	Hydroelectricity	Uttar Pradesh
31.	Kundah Project	Kundah	Hydroelectricity and irrigation	Tamil Nadu