Answer:
(a)
Wasteland Rules To the colonial officials all
uncultivated land appeared to be unproductive.
Therefore, grazing lands were also considered as wastelands
as they produced neither revenue nor agricultural produce. The Colonial
Government wanted to bring the grazing lands under cultivation so that they
could get revenue and agriculture goods form this land.
Effects of the Wasteland Rules According to Wasteland
Rules, the uncultivated lands were taken over and given to select individuals
who were granted concessions and encouraged to settle these lands. Therefore,
expansion of cultivation inevitably meant the decline of pastures and created
problems and hardships for the pastoralists.
(b) Forest Acts By the mid-19th century, various Forest
Acts were also being enacted in the different provinces of India. Through the
Forest Acts, the forests were divided into two categories; Reserved Forests and
Protected Forests.
Effects of the Forest Acts Pastoralists could no longer
remain in an area even if forage was available.
They could enter only by getting permit for entry.
If they overstayed the specified period of time they were
liable to fines. Their lives became difficult and rull of hardships. Their
traditional rights were severely restricted.
(c) Criminal Tribes Act The British officials were suspicious
of nomadic people. They distrusted mobile craftsmen and traders who hawked
their goods in villages and pastoralists who changed their places of residence
every season, moving in search of good pastures for their herds.
Those who were Nomadic were considered to be criminal and
those who were settled were seen as peaceable and law abiding.
In 1871, the Colonial Government passed the Criminal
Tribes Act. By this act many communities of craftsmen, traders and pastoralists
were classified as criminal tribes. They were stated to be criminal by nature
and birth.
Effects of Criminal Tribes Act After this act was enforced,
these communities were expected to live only in notified village settlements.
They were not allowed to move out without a permit. The village police kept a continuous
watch on them. They could no longer move from one place to another.
(d) Grazing Tax The Grazing Tax in India was introduced
by the Colonial Government in the mid-19th century. Pastoralists had to pay tax
on every animal they grazed on the pastures. The tax per head of cattle went up
rapidly and the system of collection was made increasingly efficient.
In the decades between the 1850s to 1880s, the right to collect
tax was auctioned out to contractors. The contractors tried to extract as high
a tax as they could.
By the 1880s, the government began collecting taxes directly
from the pastoralists.
Effects of the Grazing Tax To enter a grazing
tract, pastoralists had to show the pass and pay the tax.
Pastoralists had to pay tax on every animal they grazed on
the pastures. The tax went up rapidly. So, the economic hardship of the
pastoralists increased.
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