question_answer

Why are there so few ecosystems with more than four levels of consumers?

A) because biomass decreases by about 90% at each level moving up.

B) because top consumers compete with and kill each other with increasing population size.

C)

D) because consumers at these highest levels typically form social groups that stop reproducing at high densities.

E) because predators at the highest levels simply are not intelligent enough to hunt other top predators.