Answer:
Ans. According to Dr. Sigmund Freud defense mechanisms are ways in which the ego unconsciously tries to cope with unacceptable libidinal desires and resolves conflicts. In simple words, Ego defense mechanism are ways of resolving the conflict by distorting the reality unconsciously. It distorts reality to resolve conflicts and therefore provides temporary relief. Its optimum use is healthy but excessive usage lead to maladjustment. Defense mechanisms are regulated by the ego. It is different from lying because lying is intentional but use of defense mechanism is unconscious. Some important defense mechanisms are as follows: 1. Repression: In this type of defence mechanism, anxiety-provoking behaviours or thoughts are totally dismissed by the unconscious. People become totally unaware of that wish or desire when they have repressed it. When a person says, I do not know why I did that. Repression may be referred as unconscious forgetting. It is the basic defence mechanism. It is unconscious forgetting. 2. Regression: It occurs when a person's resolutions of problems at any stage of development is less than adequate. It is going back to good old golden days of childhood. 3. Displacement: Redirective an impulse towards a less threatening or safer target. 4. Projection: People attribute their own traits, attitudes or subjective processes to others. A person who has strong aggressive tendencies may see other people as acting in an excessively aggressive way towards him. It is blaming others for ones own conflicts, anxieties and guilt. 5. Denial: A person totally refuses to accept the reality. Someone suffering from HIV/AIDS may altogether deny his/her illness. 6. Reaction Formation; Person denies a disapproved motive through giving strong expression to its opposite, e.g., a person with strong sexual urges, who channels his/her energy into religious activities, presents a classical example of reaction formation, 7. Rationalization: A person tries to make unreasonable feelings or behaviour seem reasonable and acceptable. When a student buys a set of new pens after doing poorly in an examination, he/she may try to rationalize his/her behaviour by asserting, I will do much better with these pens. It is giving good excuses and basically using sour grape phenomena.
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