question_answer

           

(i) How normal cells get transformed into cancerous neoplastic cells? Mention the difference between viral oncogenes and cellular oncogens.

(ii) Write a short note on detection of cancer.

OR

(i) The diagram given above is that of a typical biogas plant. Identify A, B and C. Explain the sequence of events occurring in it.

(ii) Name the institutes which helped in the development of biological fuel technology in India.

 

Answer:

(i) Normal cells get transformed to cancerous neoplastic cells due to the induction by physical, chemical or biological agents called carcinogens.

Viral oncogenes: These are the viral genes, which cause cancer.

Cellular oncogenes: These are the genes in normal cells, which cause a cell to become cancerous under certain conditions.

(ii) Cancer detection is considered to be the first step towards treatment. Its early detection is essential for its cure.

Biopsy - A piece of the suspected tissue cut into thin sections is stained and examined under microscope.

Computed Tomography - It uses X-ray to generate a three-dimensional image of the inside of an object.

MRI - It uses strong magnetic fields and non-ionising radiations to accurately detect pathological changes in the living tissue.

Antibodies against cancer-specific antigens are also used for the detection of certain cancers.

OR

(i) A - Sludge tank; B - Gas holder and C-Charge pit.

The biogas plant tank is fed with slurry of dung. A floating cover is placed over the slurry, which keeps on rising as the gas is produced in the tank due to the microbial activity of methanogens like Methanobacterium. Methanogens grow anaerobically on cellulosic material in cowdung to produce large amount of methane, \[C{{O}_{2}}\] and H. The biogas plant has an outlet, which is connected to a pipe to supply biogas. The spent slurry is removed through another outlet and is used as fertiliser.

(ii) Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) and Khadi & Village Industries Commission (KVIC).