question_answer

Describe the following drugs and what kind of drugs these are g

(i) Opioids

(ii) Cannabinoids

(iii) Cocaalkaloid

(iv) Hallucinogens

(v) Alcohol

OR

Explain the use of microbes in household products.

 

Answer:

(i)  Opioids: These are the drugs which bind to opioid receptors in the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract, e.g., morphine and heroin.

(ii) Cannabinoids: Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the inflorescents/flower top ofCannabis sativa. These are taken by inhalation and oral ingestion. They are known for their effects on cardio-vascular system of the body. They are being abused by sport persons in recent times.

(iii) Coca-alkaloids/Cocaine: It is obtained from Erythroxylum coca. It interferes with the transport of the neuro-transmitter, dopamine. It has a potential stimulating action on the central nervous system and produces a sense of euphoria and increases energy. Its excessive dosage causes hallucinations.

(iv) Hallucinogen: Products from plants like Atropa belladona and Datura are hallucinogenic. LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide) is obtained from a fungus.

(v) Alcohol: Alcohol is a depressant. It affects the central nervous system.

OR

Uses of microbes in household products:

1. A common example is the production of curd from milk by the action of micro-organisms such as Lactobacillus and others commonly called Lactic acid bacteria (LAB). A small amount of curd is added to the fresh milk as inoculum or starter that contains millions of LAB, which at suitable temperatures multiply converting milk into curd.

Functions of LAB in curd:

(a) It increases its nutritional quality by increasing vitamin\[{{B}_{12}}\].

(b) In stomach too, LAB plays very beneficial role in checking of disease causing microbes.

(c) It helps in keeping digestive tract neat and clean and also helps in digestion.

2. Dough is used for making food such as dosa-idii that is also fermented by bacteria. On the other hand bread is also formed by dough by using Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).

(a) Some traditional drinks like Toddy are also formed with the help of microbes. It is manufactured by fermenting sap of palm plant.

(b) Microbes are also used to ferment some open foods like fishes, soyabean and bamboo-shoots to make fermented foods.

(c) Cheese is also formed by using microbes. Some special types of cheese are formed by special type of microbes. Like Propionibacterium shermanii produces a cheese with large holes (swiss cheese), due to production of more amount of \[C{{O}_{2}}\] .