question_answer

Write a note on somatic hybridization. Give an example where it is applied,

OR

What measures do you suggest for prevention and control of alcohol and drug abuse among adolescents?

 

Answer:

In somatic hybridization, first the protoplasts of two different species are obtained by removing their cell walls. This is done with the help of enzymes like cellulose, hemicellulose & pectinase. These two protoplasts are fused by electrofusion or with the help of polyethylene glycol (PEG). This results in the fusion of their cytoplasms and nuclei. The culture of the fused protoplast than gives rise to the production of new plants. These plants possess the characteristics of both the species.

Somatic hybridization is applied to produce somatic hybrids.A somatic hybrid Pomato has been produced by fusing rotoplast of potato and tomato. Breeders tried to produce a plant with shoot like that of tomato and root part like that of potato. So, Pomato should have tomatoes above the ground and potatoes underground making the plant commercially mportant. But they failed, as the cross produced a tomato plant unfortunately lacking all the desired combination of haracters for its commercial utilization.

OR

Some of the important measures for the prevention & control of alcohol & drug abuse among adolescents are as follows -

(i) Drug education & counselling programme: It is important to provide drug education beginning with prospective drug users, essentially childrens & teens Educate young people about the dangers associated with drug use & abuse.

(ii) Looking for danger signs: Symptoms of alcohol and other drug abuse are not always clear cut. But alert parents & teachers can make out the danger signs. Suitable measures could then be required to diagnose the problem. & the basic causes.

(iii) Avoid undue peer pressure: Teach the young people skills in decision making goal setting & handling peer pressure.

(iv) Seeking helps from parents and peers: Parents need to be responsible and aware of what their children do & where they are at all time and spent more time with them in order to educate them properly & have better relationships with their children. Drug prevention enforcement should begins at home & should continue on at school & after school.

(v) Seeking professional and medical help: A great deal of help is available in the form of professional psychologists, psychiatrists, and de-addiction and rehabilitation programme to help individuals who have sadly got in the deliamma of drug alcohol abuse. With professional help, the affected individual is able to come out of the problem completely & lead a wholly normal & healthy life.

(vi) Enforcing stronger laws & penalties: There also needs to be enforcement in stronger laws and meaningful legal penalties that hold users & dealer accountable for their actions.