question_answer

Direction: Read the given passage carefully and answer the questions that follow.

Independent India came to covert warfare late. In 1947, imperial Britain stripped the assets of India's covert arsenal as it left. The senior most British Indian police officer in the Intelligence Bureau, Qurban Ali Khan, left for Pakistan with what few sensitive files departing British officials had neglected to destroy. The Intelligence Bureau, Lt Gen L P Singh has recorded, was reduced to a "tragicomic state of helplessness", possessing nothing but "empty racks and cupboards". The Military Intelligence Directorate in Delhi didn't even have a map of J & K to make sense of the first radio intercepts signalling the beginning of the Indo Pak war of 1947-48. Faced with a larger and infinitely better resourced neighbour, Pakistan knew it could not compete in conventional military terms. Khan's doctrine posited that sub conventional offensive warfare could provide it defence. From 1947, Pakistan engaged India in what Jawaharlal Nehru would later call "an informal war"- sponsoring terrorist groups in both Kashmir and the Northeast. Nehru was, in general, content to use conventional military force against this aggression. Indira Gandhi used air power to bomb Mizo insurgents in March 1966, killing dozens of civilians in Aizawl in the process.

India's covert capabilities grew in the wake of the 1962 war, after which technical assistance from the US and trainers from the UK became available. Helped by the US, the newly founded RAW developed the capacities for deep enetration espionage meant to target China. It used its new tools to target Pakistan in 1971. Establishment 22, operating under the command of Maj Gen Surjit Singh Uban, carried out a secret war in wha is now Bangladesh ? using Tibetan troops trained by the CIA to fight the US equipped Pakistani forces. Later, Establishment 22 personnel aided Sikkim's accession to India, trained Tamil terrorists, and armed rebels operating against the pro China regime in Myanmar.

According to writer, how Pakistan did engage India in 'informal war'?

A)  By provoking and violating ceasefire

B)  By sudden capture and thereafter brutally torturing the Indian soldiers

C)  By sponsoring terrorist groups in both Kashmir and the Northeast

D)  By air bombing Mizo insurgents

E)  None of these