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"Any puja or ritual conducted without using the aromatic substances javvadi, kasturi and punugu bears no fruit," says a verse in an ancient scripture on the mode of conducting rituals in Vaishnavite temples. The three aromatic substances are used from time immemorial, but the continued use of the substances may be in doubt in the distant future, if not now.

Leaving aside kasturi and javvadi, take the case of punugu, which gives a long-lasting and refreshing fragrance. The animal 'civet' is reared to obtain the gel secreted from one of its glands to be used in the temple rituals. The Tirumala Tirupati Devasthanams is rearing the civet in its Sri Venkateshwara Dairy Farm.

The nocturnal animal, which lives normally in bushy woods, has found a new environment in the cages, with fans to cool it and meat for it to feast on. The nine animals put together secrete 10 grams of civet a week that will be purified before the offering. The civet is smeared on the divine idol before performing 'abhishekam' on Fridays.

Zoologically, the animal belongs to the viverridae family and six of the 15 varieties are found in India. Of them, the

Small Indian Civet and Common Palm Civet or Toddy Civet/ Malabar Civet are the two varieties found in south of the Vindhyas. A problem in the long run to the Tirumala Tirupati

Devasthanams is about the availability of the animal. At present, it is dependent on tribal or the native inhabitants of the jungle for procuring it. They capture newborns and hand them over to the dairy, apparently for a price.

The substances: javvadi, kasturi and punugu are obtained from:

A)  Glands of an animal

B)  An animal

C)  Sri Venkateshwara Dairy Farm

D)  All of these

E)  None of these