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Direction: In the question below are three statements followed by two conclusions numbered I and II. You have to take the three statements to be true even if they seem to be at variance from commonly known facts and then decide which of the given conclusions logically follows from the three statements disregarding commonly known facts.

Statements:

All plants are bottles.

All bottles are caps.

All caps are crowns.

Conclusions:

I. At least some crowns are bottles.

II. All plants are caps.

A)  if only conclusion I follows.

B)  if only conclusion II follows.

C)  if either conclusion I or conclusion II follows.

D)  if neither conclusion I nor conclusion II follows.

E)  if both conclusion I and conclusion II follow.

Correct Answer: E

Solution :

(i) All plants are bottles \[\to \] Universal Affirmative (A-type).

(ii) Some shoes are handkerchiefs\[\to \]Particular Affirmative (I-type).

(iii) No calculator is a shoe\[\to \] Universal Negative (E-type).

(iv) Some calculators are not shoes \[\to \]Particular Negative (O-type).

  A + A \[\Rightarrow \] A-type of Conclusion "All plants are caps." This is Conclusion II. A + A \[\Rightarrow \] A-type of Conclusion "All bottles are crowns." Its Converse would be: "Some crowns are bottles" This is Conclusion I.