question_answer

'Sufism evolved as a reaction to the growing materialism of the Caliphate as a religious and political institution.' Elucidate.

Answer:

1. One of the most striking religious example is evident at Puri, Odisha, where the principal deity was identified, by the twelfth century, as Jagannatha as literally, the lord of the world, a form of Vishnu. This phase was of the increasing visibility of Gods and Goddesses.

2. Tantric practices were widespread in several parts of the sub-continent.

3. Social seclusion of women and shudras, who were generally excluded from Vedic learning.

4. Brahmans accepting and re-working these belief and practices and other social categories. Cast system was very prominent at that time.