A) \[{{H}^{+}}\] gradient across the membrane
B) \[{{K}^{+}}\] gradient across the membrane
C) \[P{{O}_{4}}^{3-}\] gradient across the membrane
D) \[C{{a}^{2+}}\]gradient across the membrane
Correct Answer: A
Solution :
ATP synthesis takes place by the process of chemiosmosis, where ATP is generated via a proton \[({{H}^{+}})\] gradient across the membrane. The force driving the synthesis of ATP is the steep electrochemical gradient established by the actions of the proton pump. The proton pump pumps hydrogen ion across the membrane - establishing a chemical gradient, the protons are higher in the intermembrane space than in the matrix. On top of the chemical gradient, an electrical gradient is also established. The pumping of the hydrogen ions across the membrane makes the intermembrane space more positively-charged compared to the matrix, such that the positively-charged hydrogen ions are driven toward the more negatively-charged matrix. This strong electrochemical gadient is a very strong driving force-energizing the ATP synthase protein to form ATP.
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