Answer:
The process of release
of urine is called micturition and the neural mechanism, causing it is called
the micturition reflex.
The urinary bladder
and the internal sphincter are supplied by sympathetic and parasympathetic
nervous systems of autonomic nervous system. In response, the stretch receptors
on the walls of the bladder send signals to the Central Nervous System (CNS).
The CNS
passes on motor messages to initiate the contraction of smooth muscles of the
bladder and simultaneous relaxation of the urethral sphincter causing the
release of urine.
Disorders of
excretory system includes
(i) Uremia
It is the malfunctioning of kidneys, which leads to accumulation of urea in blood
in turn the kidney faliure. In such patients urea can be removed by haemodialysis.
(ii) Renal
Failure (RF) It is caused by a decrease in glomerular filteration. In Acute
Renal Failure (ARF) both kidneys abruptly stop working due to damaged renal
tubules, kidney stones, antibiotics, etc. Haemodialysis and renal transplant
are the only ways to auruve overcome renal failure.
(iii) Renal
Calculi It is the formation of stones or insoluble mass of crystallised salts
in the kidney.
(iv)
Glomerulonephritis It is the inflammation of glomeruli of kidney.
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