Answer:
(a) \[K{{\underset{-}{\mathop{I}}\,}_{3}}\] \[+1+3x=0\]
\[x=-\frac{1}{3}\]
(b)
\[Ca{{\underset{-}{\mathop{O}}\,}_{2}}\] \[+2+2x=0\]
\[x=-1\]
(c)
\[Na{{H}_{2}}\underset{-}{\mathop{P}}\,{{O}_{4}}\] \[+1+2+x-8=0\]
\[x=+5\]
(d)
\[{{H}_{4}}{{\underset{-}{\mathop{P}}\,}_{2}}{{O}_{7}}\] \[+4+2x-14=0\]
\[x=+5\]
(e)
\[Na\underset{-}{\mathop{B}}\,{{H}_{4}}\] \[+1+x+(-4)=0\]
\[x=+3\]
(f)
\[{{H}_{2}}{{\underset{-}{\mathop{S}}\,}_{2}}{{O}_{7}}\] \[HO-\underset{\underset{O}{\mathop{\downarrow
}}\,}{\overset{\overset{O}{\mathop{\uparrow
}}\,}{\mathop{S}}}\,-O-\underset{\underset{O}{\mathop{\downarrow
}}\,}{\overset{\overset{O}{\mathop{\uparrow }}\,}{\mathop{S}}}\,-OH\]
\[+2+2x-14=0\]
\[x=+6\]
(g) \[KAl{{(\underset{-}{\mathop{S}}\,{{O}_{4}})}_{2}}.12{{H}_{2}}O\] \[+1+3+2(x-8)+12\times
0=0\]
\[4+2x-16=0\]
\[x=+6\]
(h) \[{{H}_{2}}{{\underset{-}{\mathop{S}}\,}_{4}}{{O}_{6}}\] \[HO-O-\underset{\underset{O}{\mathop{\downarrow
}}\,}{\overset{\overset{O}{\mathop{\uparrow }}\,}{\mathop{S}}}\,-S-S-\underset{\underset{O}{\mathop{\downarrow
}}\,}{\overset{\overset{O}{\mathop{\uparrow }}\,}{\mathop{S}}}\,-O-H\]
\[+2+4x-12=0\]
\[x=+2.5\]
The two donor sulphur atoms have
+5 state, while non-donor atoms have zero oxidation state.
(i) \[\underset{1}{\mathop{\underset{-}{\mathop{C}}\,}}\,{{H}_{3}}\underset{2}{\mathop{\underset{-}{\mathop{C}}\,}}\,{{H}_{2}}OH\,\,\,\,or\,{{\underset{-}{\mathop{C}}\,}_{2}}{{H}_{5}}OH\]
Oxidation number of carbon
\[=\frac{2{{n}_{O}}-{{n}_{H}}}{{{n}_{C}}}=\frac{2\times
1-6}{2}=-2\]
\[\frac{\frac{\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{
}\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{
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}\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{
}\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{
}\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{
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}\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{
}}{\text{Note:}\,\,\text{Carbon no}\text{. }\left( \text{1} \right)\text{ has
}\left( \text{-3} \right)\text{ and carbon no}\text{. }\left( \text{2}
\right)\text{ has }\left( \text{-1} \right)\text{ state}\text{.}}}{{}}\]
(i) \[\underset{1}{\mathop{\underset{-}{\mathop{C}}\,}}\,{{H}_{3}}\underset{2}{\mathop{\underset{-}{\mathop{C}}\,}}\,OOH\,\,\,or\,\,{{C}_{2}}{{H}_{4}}{{O}_{2}}\]
Oxidation number of carbon
\[=\frac{2{{n}_{O}}-{{n}_{H}}}{{{n}_{C}}}=\frac{2\times
2-4}{2}=0\]
\[\frac{\frac{\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{
}\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{
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}\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{
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}\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{
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}\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{
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}\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{
}\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }\!\!\_\!\!\text{
}\!\!\_\!\!\text{ }}{\text{Note:}\,\,\text{Carbon no}\text{. }\left( \text{1}
\right)\text{ has }\left( \text{-3} \right)\text{ and carbon no}\text{. }\left(
\text{2} \right)\text{ has }\left( \text{+3} \right)\text{ state}\text{.}}}{{}}\]
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