Answer:
As the plants grow older, the outer protective tissue (i.e.,
epidermis) undergoes certain changes. A strip of secondary moisten, called halogen
or cork cambium replaces the epidermis of the stem.
Cork cambium is a simple tissue, the cells are rectangular
and their protoplast are vacuolated and contain tannins and chloroplasts. Cork
cambium gives off new cells on its both sides, thus, forming cork (phellem) on
the outer side and the secondary cortex or phelloderm on the inner side.
The layer of cells which is cut by cork cambium on the
outer side ultimately becomes several layered thick cork (bark) of trees. Cells
of cork are dead and compactly arranged without intercellular spaces. The walls
of cork cells are heavily thickened with an organic substance (a fatty
substance), called suberin, which makes these cells impermeable to water and gases.
Cork is protective in function. It's cells prevent
desiccation (loss of water from plant body), infection and mechanical injury.
It is light and does not catch fire easily. Due to these properties, cork is
used as insulators, shock-absorbers, linoleum (used as flooring) and sports
goods (in making of shuttle cocks, cricket balls, wooden paddles of table
tennis, etc.). Commercial cork is obtained from the stem surface of cork oak
tree (Quercus suber) found in Southern Europe and North Africa.
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