d-Block Elements
Category : JEE Main & Advanced
A transition element may be defined as an element whose atom in the ground state or ion in common oxidation state has incomplete sub-shell, has electron 1 to 9. It is called transition element due to fact that it is lying between most electropositive (s-block) and most electronegative (p-block) elements and represent a transition from them. The general electronic configuration of these element is \[{{(n-1)}^{1\,\text{to}\,10}}\,\,n{{s}^{0\,\,\text{to}\,2}}.\,\,\]
The definition of transition metal excludes \[Zn,\,Cd\] and \[Hg\] because they have complete d- orbital. Their common oxidation state is \[Z{{n}^{++}},C{{d}^{++}},\,H{{g}^{++}}.\] They also do not show the characteristics of transition element. Element of group 3 (Sc, Y, La and Ac) and group 12 (\[Zn,\,Cd,\]\[Hg\]) are called non typical transition element.
First transition or 3d series :
| Element | Symbol | At. No. | Electronic configuration | |
| Scandium | Sc | 21 |
3d-orbitals are filled up
|
\[\left[ Ar \right]\text{ }3{{d}^{1}}4{{s}^{2}}\] |
| Titanium | Ti | 22 | \[\left[ Ar \right]\text{ }3{{d}^{2}}4{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Vanadium | V | 23 | \[\left[ Ar \right]\text{ }3{{d}^{3}}4{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Chromium | \[C{{r}^{*}}\] | 24 | \[\left[ Ar \right]\text{ }3{{d}^{5}}4{{s}^{1}}\] | |
| Manganese | Mn | 25 | \[\left[ Ar \right]\text{ }3{{d}^{5}}4{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Iron | Fe | 26 | \[\left[ Ar \right]\text{ }3{{d}^{6}}4{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Cobalt | Co | 27 | \[\left[ Ar \right]\text{ }3{{d}^{7}}4{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Nickel | Ni | 28 | \[\left[ Ar \right]\text{ }3{{d}^{8}}4{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Copper | \[C{{u}^{*}}\] | 29 | \[\left[ Ar \right]\text{ }3{{d}^{10}}4{{s}^{1}}\] | |
| Zinc | Zn | 30 | \[\left[ Ar \right]\text{ }3{{d}^{10}}4{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Second transition or 4d-series :
| Element | Symbol | At. No. | Electronic configuration | |
| Yttrium | Y | 39 |
4d-orbitals are filled up
|
\[\left[ Kr \right]\text{ }4{{d}^{1}}5{{s}^{2}}\] |
| Zirconium | Zr | 40 | \[\left[ Kr \right]\text{ }4{{d}^{2}}5{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Niobium | \[N{{b}^{*}}\] | 41 | \[\left[ Kr \right]\text{ }4{{d}^{4}}5{{s}^{1}}\] | |
| Molybdenum | \[M{{o}^{*}}\] | 42 | \[\left[ Kr \right]\text{ }4{{d}^{5}}5{{s}^{1}}\] | |
| Technetium | Tc | 43 | \[\left[ Kr \right]\text{ }4{{d}^{5}}5{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Ruthenium | \[R{{u}^{*}}\] | 44 | \[\left[ Kr \right]\text{ }4{{d}^{7}}5{{s}^{1}}\] | |
| Rhodium | \[R{{h}^{*}}\] | 45 | \[\left[ Kr \right]\text{ }4{{d}^{8}}5{{s}^{1}}\] | |
| Palladium | \[P{{d}^{*}}\] | 46 | \[\left[ Kr \right]\text{ }4{{d}^{10}}5{{s}^{0}}\] | |
| Silver | \[A{{g}^{*}}\] | 47 | \[\left[ Kr \right]\text{ }4{{d}^{10}}5{{s}^{1}}\] | |
| Cadmium | Cd | 48 | \[\left[ Kr \right]\text{ }4{{d}^{10}}5{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Third transition or 5d-series :
| Element | Symbol | At. No. | Electronic configuration | |
| Lanthanum | La | 57 |
5d-orbitals are filled up
|
\[\left[ Xe \right]\text{ }5{{d}^{1}}6{{s}^{2}}\] |
| Hafnium | Hf | 72 | \[\left[ Xe \right]\text{ }4{{f}^{14}}5{{d}^{2}}6{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Tantalum | Ta | 73 | \[\left[ Xe \right]\text{ }4{{f}^{14}}5{{d}^{3}}6{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Tungsten | W | 74 | \[\left[ Xe \right]\text{ }4{{f}^{14}}5{{d}^{4}}6{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Rhenium | Re | 75 | \[\left[ Xe \right]\text{ }4{{f}^{14}}5{{d}^{5}}6{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Osmium | Os | 76 | \[\left[ Xe \right]\text{ }4{{f}^{14}}5{{d}^{6}}6{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Iridium | Ir | 77 | \[\left[ Xe \right]\text{ }4{{f}^{14}}5{{d}^{7}}6{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Platinum | \[P{{t}^{*}}\] | 78 | \[\left[ Xe \right]\text{ }4{{f}^{14}}5{{d}^{10}}6{{s}^{0}}\] | |
| Gold | \[A{{u}^{*}}\] | 79 | \[\left[ Xe \right]\text{ }4{{f}^{14}}5{{d}^{10}}6{{s}^{!}}\] | |
| Mercury | Hg | 80 | \[\left[ Xe \right]\text{ }4{{f}^{14}}5{{d}^{10}}6{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Fourth transition or 6d-series :
| Element | Symbol | At. No. | Electronic configuration | |
| Actinium | Ac | 89 | 6d-orbitals are filled up |
\[\left[ Rn \right]\text{ }6{{d}^{1}}7{{s}^{2}}\] |
| Rutherfordium | Rf | 104 | \[\left[ Rn \right]\text{ }5{{f}^{14}}6{{d}^{2}}7{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Hahnium | Ha | 105 | \[\left[ Rn \right]\text{ }5{{f}^{14}}6{{d}^{3}}7{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Seaborgium | Sg | 106 | \[\left[ Rn \right]\text{ }5{{f}^{14}}6{{d}^{4}}7{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Bohrium | Bh | 107 | \[\left[ Rn \right]\text{ }5{{f}^{14}}6{{d}^{5}}7{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Hassium | Hs | 108 | \[\left[ Rn \right]\text{ }5{{f}^{14}}6{{d}^{6}}7{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Meitnerium | Mt | 109 | \[\left[ Rn \right]\text{ }5{{f}^{14}}6{{d}^{7}}7{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Ununnilium | Uun | 110 | \[\left[ Rn \right]\text{ }5{{f}^{14}}6{{d}^{8}}7{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Unununium | Uuu | 111 | \[\left[ Rn \right]\text{ }5{{f}^{14}}6{{d}^{9}}7{{s}^{2}}\] | |
| Unubium | Uub | 112 | \[\left[ Rn \right]\text{ }5{{f}^{14}}6{{d}^{10}}7{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Elements marked with asterisk have anomalous configurations. These are attributed to factors like nuclear-electron and electron-electron forces and stability of half filled and full filled orbital.
All transition elements are d block elements but all d block elements are not transition elements.
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