Answer:
Forest
management of Bastar in India was in the hands of the British and in Java it
was in the hands of the Dutch.
(i) The similarities between these two are as follows The Dutch, like the
British, wanted timber to build ships and to make sleepers for railway tracks.
(ii) Both the British and the Dutch enacted forest laws to
control the forests and put restrictions on the customary rights of the local
people. They were prevented from entering the forests, they could not graze
cattle or cut wood or take forest produce without permission.
(iii) The British and the Dutch introduced scientific forestry.
Both the governments banned shifting cultivation.
(iv) Some villagers in Bastar were allowed to stay in the forests
on the condition that their people would provide free labour for the Forest
Department in cutting and transportation of trees and protecting the forests
from fire.
Similarly in Java, the Dutch imposed rents on the cultivated
land in the forests and then exempted some villages if they collectively
provided free labour and buffaloes for cutting and transporting timber. This system
was known as the 'Blandongdiensten System'.
(v) When the exploitation by the British in Bastar and the
Dutch in Java became too much, the forest communities in Bastar and Java
revolted under Gunda Dhur and Surontiko Samin respectively. Both the revolts
were crushed by the colonial powers.
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