Answer:
Kulaks
Kulak is the Russian name for well to do peasants. In 1927-28 Stalin took
the decision to develop modern farms and run them along industrial lines. For
this purpose, it was necessary to eliminate Kulaks. Many Kulaks were raided.
Under Stalin's collectivisation programme, land of Kulaks
was taken away and converted into large modern farms. This programme was
severely resisted by the Kulaks, many of whom destroyed their livestock. Those
who resisted collectivisation were punished; many Kulaks were deported and
exiled.
The Duma
The Duma was the elected consultative Parliament set-up
after the Revolution of 1905. Its members were charged with the responsibility
of making laws. The Tsar dismissed the first Duma within 75 days and re-elected
the second Duma within three months.
The Tsar did not want any questioning of his power. He
changed the voting laws and packed the third Duma with conservative
politicians. Finally in February, 1917, the Duma was suspended. Many members of
the Duma became a part of the provisioal government.
Women Workers between 1900 and 1930
In Russia, the women workers constituted 31 per cent of
the factory labour force. They were paid less than their men counterparts. In
most of the factories, they were paid between half and three-quarters of a
man's wage. During the February Revolution, (23rd February, 1917) women led the
way to strikes in many factories. Thus, 23rd February was known as the
International Women's Day.
The Liberals
One of the groups which looked to change society were the
liberals. They were opposed to the uncontrolled power of the Dynastic rulers.
They preferred religious tolerance and wanted to safeguard individual rights.
They favoured parliamentary system of government and an independent judiciary.
They did not believe in universal adult franchise.
They wanted voting rights to be restricted to men of
property only.
Stalin's Collectivisation Programme
In 1927-28, Soviet Russia was facing an acute problem of
grain supplies. The peasants refused to sell the grains at the price fixed by
the government. Stalin believed that the peasants had surplus grain, but were
holding it back, expecting higher prices. So, he introduced the concept of
collective farms (Kolkhoz). To develop these farms, it was necessary to 'eliminate
Kulaks', take away land from peasants and establish state controlled large
farms.
From 1929, all peasants were forced to work in Kolkhoz.
The Kolkhoz profit was shared by all the peasants who worked on the land. Those
who resisted collectivisation were severely punished. Stalin's government
allowed some independent cultivation, but treated such peasants
unsympathetically.
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