Answer:
Causes of the French Revolution:
(i)
Despotic rule of Louis XVI: He became the ruler of France in 1774. He had drained
the financial resources of France in wars. For the cost of his regular
extravagant expenses, he increased taxes which were paid by the third estate.
(ii)
Division of French society: The French society was divided into three estates;
first, second and third estates, respectively. Among them, First and Second
Estates had 10 per cent of the total population and were the clergy and nobles.
They enjoyed all privileges. Rest of the 90 per cent was of the third estate,
which paid all kinds of direct or indirect taxes. This kind of discrimination
led to the revolution by the third estate.
(iii)
Rising prices: The population of France had increased. This resulted into more
demand of food grains. So the price of bread rose rapidly, which the poor could
not afford to buy. So the gap between the rich and poor widened.
(iv)
Inspiration of the philosophers: Philosophers like John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau
and Montesquieu propagated the ideas of having a society where people would
enjoy freedom, equal laws and equal opportunities. Their ideas inspired the
people of France to realise their dream.
(v)
Role of middle class: The 18th century witnessed the emergence of social groups
termed as middle class, who earned their wealth through an expanding trade of
the manufactured goods, being exported. There were other professionals also
like lawyers, administrative officials who were all educated. They believed
that no group in society should be privileged by birth.
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