Answer:
Ans. Post Freudian Approach: Post Freudians are those psychologists who separated themselves from Freud on two basic issues: Biological determinism, i.e., life instinct and death instinct regulate human behaviour. Freud's too much emphasis on libido as a source of energy. 1. Carl Jung: He developed his own theory, i.e., analytical psychology. Basic assumptionpersonality consists of competing forces within the individual rather than between the individuals. According to Jung, individual's aims and aspiration are the source of energy. Jung proposed a concept of Collective Unconsciousness, i.e., inherited part of the unconscious. It contains archetypes, i.e., Premordial Images. These images are not individually acquired but are inherited, e.g., the concept of God or fear of darkness. They gave a less prominent role to sexual and aggressive tendencies of the ID and expansion of the concept of EGO. They emphasized human qualities like creativity. Libido is not the source of energy. 2. Alfred Adler: His theory is known as Individual Psychology. Basic assumption-human behaviour is purposeful and goal directed. Personal goals are the source of our motivation like dominance and status. These goals provide us security and help us in overcoming feelings of inadequacy/inferiority. According to Adler, every individual suffers from the feeling of inferiority which arises during the childhood. Overcoming this inferiority is essential for optimum personality development. 3. Karen Horney: She said we are social beings. She adopted the optimistic view of human life with emphasis on human growth and self-actualization. She was opposed to Freud's gender discrimination. According to her, each sex has equal attributes and gender differences are socially determined not biologically. She argued that psychological disorders were caused by disturbed interpersonal relationships during childhood. Due to faulty rearing practices, the child develops basic anxiety which leads to feeling of isolation and helplessness among children and interferes with their healthy development. 4. Erich Fromm: He viewed human beings as basically socially beings who could be understood in terms of their relationship with others. He argued that psychological qualities such as growth and self-actualization occur from a desire of freedom and striving for justice and truth. According to him, personality develops from our experiences with other individuals. 5. Erik Erikson: He believed that personality development is a continuous social process. He gave the concept of identity during adolescence. His theory lays stress on rational, conscious ego processes in personality development. He proposed eight stages of development on the basis of pshycho-social development. Development starts at the process of conception till death.
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