Answer:
Ans. (i) Introduction of Super-ordinate Goals: By introducing super-ordinate goals, intergroup conflicts can be reduced. A super-ordinate goal is mutually beneficial to both parties, hence both groups work co-operatively. (ii) Altering Perception: Conflicts can also be reduced by altering perceptions and reactions through persuasion, educational and media appeals and portrayal of groups differently in society. Promoting empathy for others should be taught to everyone from very beginning. (iii) Increasing Inter-group Contact: Conflict also be reduced by increasing contacts between the groups. This can be done by involving groups in conflict on neutral grounds through community projects and events. (iv) Redrawing Group Boundaries: This can be done by creating conditions where group boundaries are redefined and groups come to perceive themselves as belonging to a common group. (v) Negotiations: Conflict can also be resolved through negotiations, which involves arbitration, mediation and third party intervention. Warring groups can resolve conflict by trying to find mutually acceptable solutions. This requires understanding and trust. (vi) Structural Solutions: Conflicts can also be reduced by redistributing the societal resources according to principles based on justice, e.g., equality (allocating equally to every one) need, allocating on the basis of needs and equity (allocating on the basis of contributions of members). (vii) Respect for Other Groups Norms: In a pluralist society like India, it is necessary to respect and be sensitive to the strong norms of various social and ethnic groups. It has been noticed that a number of communal riots between different groups have taken place because of such insensitivity.
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