Answer:
The different vectorless methods of gene transfer are as follow (i) Microinjection In this method, foreign DNA is directly injected into the nucleus of animal cell or plant cell by using micro needles or micro pipettes. It is used for oocytes, eggs and embryo. (ii) Electroporation This is the formation of temporary pores in the plasma membrane of host cells by using lysozyme or calcium chloride. Foreign DNA is incorporated into cells through these pores. (iii) Biolistic method or gene gun method or particle gun method In this method, tungsten or gold particles, coated with foreign DNA are bombarded into target cells at a very high velocity.
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