Answer:
(i) Cationic
detergent: Cationic detergents are quaternary ammonium salts of acetates, chlorides,
or bromides. These are called cationic detergents because the
cationic part of these detergents contains a long hydrocarbon chain
and a positive charge on the N atom.+
For example: cetyl tri methylammonium bromide.
(ii) Anionic detergents: Anionic detergents sire of
two types:
1.
Sodium alkyl sulphates: These detergents are sodium slats of long chain
alcohols. They are prepared by first treating these alcohols with concentrated
sulphuric acid and then with sodium hydroxide. Examples of these detergents
include sodium lauryl sulphate 
and
sodium stearylsulphate 
.
2.
Sodium alkylbenzenesulphonates : These detergents are sodium slats of
longchain alkyl benzene sulphonic acids. They are prepared by Friedel - Craftsalkylation
of benzene with long chain alkyl halides or alkenes. The obtained product is
first treated with concentrated sulphuric acid and then with sodium hydroxide.
Sodium 4-(1-dodecy) benzene sulphonate (SDS) is an example of anionic
detergents. 1
(iii) Non-ionic detergents: Molecules of these
detergents do not contain any inos. These detergents are esters of alcohols
having high molecular mass. They are obtained by reacting polyethylene glycol
and stearic acid.
1
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