Ideal And Non-Ideal Solution
Category : JEE Main & Advanced
Ideal And Non-Ideal Solutions
Ideal solutions |
Non-ideal solutions |
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Positive deviation from Raoult's law |
Negative deviation from Raoult's law |
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1. Obey Raoult's law at every range of concentration. |
1. Do not obey Raoult's law. |
1. Do not obey Raoult's law. |
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2. \[\Delta {{H}_{\text{mix}}}=0;\]neither heat is evolved nor absorbed during dissolution. |
2. \[\Delta {{H}_{\text{mix}}}>0.\]Endothermic dissolution; heat is absorbed. |
2. \[\Delta {{H}_{\text{mix}}}<0.\] Exothermic dissolution; heat is evolved. |
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3. \[\Delta {{V}_{\text{mix}}}=0;\]total volume of solution is equal to sum of volumes of the components. |
3. \[\Delta {{V}_{\text{mix}}}>0.\]Volume is increased after dissolution. |
3. \[\Delta {{V}_{\text{mix}}}<0.\] Volume is decreased during dissolution. |
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4. \[P={{p}_{A}}+{{p}_{B}}=p_{A}^{0}{{X}_{A}}+p_{B}^{0}{{X}_{B}}\]i.e., \[{{p}_{A}}=p_{A}^{0}{{X}_{A}}:{{p}_{B}}=p_{B}^{0}{{X}_{B}}\] |
4. \[{{p}_{A}}>p_{A}^{0}{{X}_{A}};\] \[{{p}_{B}}>p_{B}^{0}{{X}_{B}}\] \[\therefore \] \[{{p}_{A}}+{{p}_{B}}>p_{A}^{0}{{X}_{A}}+p_{B}^{0}{{X}_{B}}\] |
4. \[{{p}_{A}}<p_{A}^{0}{{X}_{A}};\]\[{{p}_{B}}<p_{B}^{0}{{X}_{B}}\] \[\therefore \] \[{{p}_{A}}+{{p}_{B}}<p_{A}^{0}{{X}_{A}}+p_{B}^{0}{{X}_{B}}\] |
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5. \[A-A,\ A-B,\ B-B\] interactions should be same, i.e., 'A' and 'B' are identical in shape, size and character. |
5. \[A-B\] attractive force should be weaker than \[A-A\] and \[B-B\] attractive forces. 'A' and 'B' have different shape, size and character. |
5. \[A-B\]attractive force should be greater than \[A-A\] and \[B-B\] attractive forces. 'A' and 'B' have different shape, size and character. |
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6. Escaping tendency of 'A' and 'B' should be same in pure liquids and in the solution. |
6. 'A' and 'B' escape easily showing higher vapour pressure than the expected value. |
6. Escaping tendency of both components 'A' and 'B' is lowered showing lower vapour pressure than expected ideally. |
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Examples: Dilute solutions; benzene + toluene: n-hexane + n-heptane; chlorobenzene + bromobenzene; ethyl bromide + ethyl iodide; n-butyl chloride + n-butyl bromide
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Examples: Acetone +ethanol acetone +\[C{{S}_{2}}\]: water + methanol; water + ethanol; \[CC{{l}_{4}}+\]toluene; \[CC{{l}_{4}}+CHC{{l}_{3}}\]; acetone + benzene; \[CC{{l}_{4}}+C{{H}_{3}}OH\]; cyclohexane + ethanol |
Examples: Acetone + aniline; acetone + chloroform; \[C{{H}_{3}}OH\ +\ C{{H}_{3}}COOH\]; \[{{H}_{2}}O\ +\ HN{{O}_{3}}\] chloroform + diethyl ether; water + HCl; acetic acid + pyridine; chloroform + benzene
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Graphical representation of ideal and non-ideal solutions
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