Answer:
(a)
Giuseppe Mazzini He was an Italian revolutionary, who was born in Genoa in
1807. He was sent into exile at the age of 24 in 1831 for attempting a revolution
in Liguria. He founded two secret societies, namely Young Italy and Young
Europe.
He inspired the young members of these societies to involve in
revolutionary activities. Following his ideas and on the model of his secret
societies, more such societies were set up in Germany, France, Switzerland
and Poland. Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich once describe him as 'the
most dangerous energy of our social order'.
(b) Count Camilo de Cavour He was the Chief Minister of
Piedmont. He was neither a democratic nor a revolutionary. But he led the
movement to unify the regions of Italy. Through tact and
diplomacy, he entered into an alliance with France and succeded in defeating
Austrian forces in 1859.
(c) The Greek War of Independence It was a successful war
waged by Greek revolutionaries between 1821 to 1832 against the Ottoman empire.
Greek nationalists were influenced by the idea of liberal nationalism. They
were supported by the West European countries in this war of independence.
Further, the poets and artists, who added romanticism to the Greek struggle of independence,
participated in this war against the Ottoman empire. With the Treaty of Constantinople
in July 1832, Greece was recognised as an independent nation.
(d) Frankfurt Parliament The German middle class decided
to vote for an all German National Assembly in 1848 and 831 persons were
elected. They comprised the National Assembly.
The assembly decided to organise the Parliament at Frankfurt
in the church of St Paul. Thus, on 18th May, 1848, the famous Frankfurt
Parliament was convened.
The assembly decided that the German nation would be a
constitutional monarchy controlled by Parliament and offered the crown to the
Prussian King, Friedrich Wilhelm IV. But he rejected it and joined other monarchs
to oppose the elected assembly.
The Parliament also faced strong opposition from the aristocracy
and military as it was dominated by the middle class who resisted the demands
of workers and artisans. As result of this, the middle class lost their mass support.
Ultimately, the monarchy and military combined together
with the aristocracy and won over the liberal nationalist middle class. This
forced the assembly to disband.
Therefore, the Frankfurt Parliament is famous in history
as a failure of liberalism and a victory of the monarchy.
(e) Role of Women in Nationalise Struggles Women played very
significant roles in nationalist struggles all over the world. They actively
participated in movements, faced the tortures of police, stood by their male
counterparts, spread the idea of liberal nationalism and also were members of
various revolutionary organisations.
A good example is the French Revolution, in which men and
women participated equally. Even, the concept of liberty is personified as a
woman.
Liberal nationalism proposed the idea of universal suffrage,
leading to women's active participation in nationalist movements in Europe. In
spite of this, they were given little or no political rights or right to vote
till the end of the 19th century.
Note This type of questions will not be asked in
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