| Explain the agricultural practices followed by the cultivators to increase productivity from c. 600 BCE to 600 CE. |
| Or |
| Explain the main features of the Mauryan administration. |
| Identify the relationship between the Sufis and the State from the eighth to the eighteenth century. |
| Or |
| Identity the relation-ship of the Alvars and Navanars of Tamil Nadu with the State from the eighth to the eighteenth century. |
| 'After introducing the Permanent Settlement in Bengal the zamidars regularly failed to pay the land revenue demand." Examine the causes and consequences of it. |
| Or |
| 'A chain of grievances in Awadh linked the prince, taluqdars, peasants and sepoys to join hands in the revolt of 1857 against the British.? Examine the statement. |
| Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow: |
| Buddhism in Practice |
| This is an excerpt from the Sutta Pitaka, and contains the advice given by the Buddha to a wealthy householder named Sigala: |
| In five ways should a master look after his servants and employees ... by assigning them work according to their strength, by supplying them with food and wages, by tending them in sickness; by sharing delicacies with them and by granting leave at times...... In five ways should the clansmen look after the needs of samanas (those who have renounced the world) and brahmanas: by affection in act and speech and mind, by keeping open house to them and supplying their worldly needs. |
| There are similar instructions to Sigala about how to behave with his parents, teacher and wife. |
| (i) In what ways should a master look after his servants and employees? |
| (ii) In what ways should the clansmen look after the needs of samanas? |
| (iii) Explain the main aspects of Buddhist philosophy. |
| Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow: |
| The Ain on land revenue collection |
| Let him (the amil-guzar) not make it a practice of taking only in cash but also in kind. The latter is effected in several ways. First, kankut: in the Hindi language kan signifies grain, and kut, estimates..... If any doubts arise, the crops should be cut and estimated in three lots, the good, the middling and the inferior, and the hesitation should be removed. Often, too, the land taken by appraisement, gives a sufficiently accurate return. Secondly, batai, also called bhaoli, the crops are reaped and stacked and divided by agreement in the presence of the parties. But in this case several intelligent inspectors are required; otherwise, the evil-minded and false are given to deception. Thirdly, khet-batai, when they divide the fields after they are sown. Fourthly, lang batai) after cutting the grain, they form it in heaps and divide it among themselves, and ceash takes his share home and turns it to profit. |
| (i) Explain the kankut system of land revenue. |
| (ii) How as the land revenue assessed in the case of batai or bhaoli? |
| (iii) Do you think that the land revenue system of the Mughals was flexible? |
| Read the following extract carefully and answer the questions that follow: |
| A rural city? |
| Read this excerpt on Madras from the Imperial Gazetteer, 1908: |
| ... the better European residences are built in the midst of compounds which almost attain the dignity of parks; and rice-fields frequently wind in between these in almost rural fashion. Even in the thickly peopled native quarters such as Black Town and Triplicane, there is little of the crowding' found in many other towns'?. |
| (i) Where and why were better European residences built? |
| (ii) Explain the condition of black towns. |
| (iii) State the meaning of gradual urbanisation of Madras (Chennai). |
| (i) On the given political outline map of India, locate and label the following appropriately: |
| (a) Masulipatanam-a territory under British control during 1857. |
| (b) Goa-a territory under the Mughals. |
| (ii) On the same map of India, three places which are major Buddhist sites have been marked as A, B and C. Identify them and write their correct names on the lines drawn near them. |
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