Category : JEE Main & Advanced
A transition element may be defined as an element whose atom in the ground state or ion in common oxidation state has incomplete sub-shell, has electron 1 to 9. It is called transition element due to fact that it is lying between most electropositive (s-block) and most electronegative (p-block) elements and represent a transition from them. The general electronic configuration of these element is \[{{(n-1)}^{1\,\text{to}\,10}}\,\,n{{s}^{0\,\,\text{to}\,2}}.\,\,\]
The definition of transition metal excludes \[Zn,\,Cd\] and \[Hg\] because they have complete d- orbital. Their common oxidation state is \[Z{{n}^{++}},C{{d}^{++}},\,H{{g}^{++}}.\] They also do not show the characteristics of transition element. Element of group 3 (Sc, Y, La and Ac) and group 12 (\[Zn,\,Cd,\]\[Hg\]) are called non typical transition element.
First transition or 3d series :
Element | Symbol | At. No. | Electronic configuration | |
Scandium | Sc | 21 |
3d-orbitals are filled up |
\[\left[ Ar \right]\text{ }3{{d}^{1}}4{{s}^{2}}\] |
Titanium | Ti | 22 | \[\left[ Ar \right]\text{ }3{{d}^{2}}4{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Vanadium | V | 23 | \[\left[ Ar \right]\text{ }3{{d}^{3}}4{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Chromium | \[C{{r}^{*}}\] | 24 | \[\left[ Ar \right]\text{ }3{{d}^{5}}4{{s}^{1}}\] | |
Manganese | Mn | 25 | \[\left[ Ar \right]\text{ }3{{d}^{5}}4{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Iron | Fe | 26 | \[\left[ Ar \right]\text{ }3{{d}^{6}}4{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Cobalt | Co | 27 | \[\left[ Ar \right]\text{ }3{{d}^{7}}4{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Nickel | Ni | 28 | \[\left[ Ar \right]\text{ }3{{d}^{8}}4{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Copper | \[C{{u}^{*}}\] | 29 | \[\left[ Ar \right]\text{ }3{{d}^{10}}4{{s}^{1}}\] | |
Zinc | Zn | 30 | \[\left[ Ar \right]\text{ }3{{d}^{10}}4{{s}^{2}}\] |
Second transition or 4d-series :
Element | Symbol | At. No. | Electronic configuration | |
Yttrium | Y | 39 |
4d-orbitals are filled up
|
\[\left[ Kr \right]\text{ }4{{d}^{1}}5{{s}^{2}}\] |
Zirconium | Zr | 40 | \[\left[ Kr \right]\text{ }4{{d}^{2}}5{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Niobium | \[N{{b}^{*}}\] | 41 | \[\left[ Kr \right]\text{ }4{{d}^{4}}5{{s}^{1}}\] | |
Molybdenum | \[M{{o}^{*}}\] | 42 | \[\left[ Kr \right]\text{ }4{{d}^{5}}5{{s}^{1}}\] | |
Technetium | Tc | 43 | \[\left[ Kr \right]\text{ }4{{d}^{5}}5{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Ruthenium | \[R{{u}^{*}}\] | 44 | \[\left[ Kr \right]\text{ }4{{d}^{7}}5{{s}^{1}}\] | |
Rhodium | \[R{{h}^{*}}\] | 45 | \[\left[ Kr \right]\text{ }4{{d}^{8}}5{{s}^{1}}\] | |
Palladium | \[P{{d}^{*}}\] | 46 | \[\left[ Kr \right]\text{ }4{{d}^{10}}5{{s}^{0}}\] | |
Silver | \[A{{g}^{*}}\] | 47 | \[\left[ Kr \right]\text{ }4{{d}^{10}}5{{s}^{1}}\] | |
Cadmium | Cd | 48 | \[\left[ Kr \right]\text{ }4{{d}^{10}}5{{s}^{2}}\] |
Third transition or 5d-series :
Element | Symbol | At. No. | Electronic configuration | |
Lanthanum | La | 57 |
5d-orbitals are filled up |
\[\left[ Xe \right]\text{ }5{{d}^{1}}6{{s}^{2}}\] |
Hafnium | Hf | 72 | \[\left[ Xe \right]\text{ }4{{f}^{14}}5{{d}^{2}}6{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Tantalum | Ta | 73 | \[\left[ Xe \right]\text{ }4{{f}^{14}}5{{d}^{3}}6{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Tungsten | W | 74 | \[\left[ Xe \right]\text{ }4{{f}^{14}}5{{d}^{4}}6{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Rhenium | Re | 75 | \[\left[ Xe \right]\text{ }4{{f}^{14}}5{{d}^{5}}6{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Osmium | Os | 76 | \[\left[ Xe \right]\text{ }4{{f}^{14}}5{{d}^{6}}6{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Iridium | Ir | 77 | \[\left[ Xe \right]\text{ }4{{f}^{14}}5{{d}^{7}}6{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Platinum | \[P{{t}^{*}}\] | 78 | \[\left[ Xe \right]\text{ }4{{f}^{14}}5{{d}^{10}}6{{s}^{0}}\] | |
Gold | \[A{{u}^{*}}\] | 79 | \[\left[ Xe \right]\text{ }4{{f}^{14}}5{{d}^{10}}6{{s}^{!}}\] | |
Mercury | Hg | 80 | \[\left[ Xe \right]\text{ }4{{f}^{14}}5{{d}^{10}}6{{s}^{2}}\] |
Fourth transition or 6d-series :
Element | Symbol | At. No. | Electronic configuration | |
Actinium | Ac | 89 | 6d-orbitals are filled up | \[\left[ Rn \right]\text{ }6{{d}^{1}}7{{s}^{2}}\] |
Rutherfordium | Rf | 104 | \[\left[ Rn \right]\text{ }5{{f}^{14}}6{{d}^{2}}7{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Hahnium | Ha | 105 | \[\left[ Rn \right]\text{ }5{{f}^{14}}6{{d}^{3}}7{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Seaborgium | Sg | 106 | \[\left[ Rn \right]\text{ }5{{f}^{14}}6{{d}^{4}}7{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Bohrium | Bh | 107 | \[\left[ Rn \right]\text{ }5{{f}^{14}}6{{d}^{5}}7{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Hassium | Hs | 108 | \[\left[ Rn \right]\text{ }5{{f}^{14}}6{{d}^{6}}7{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Meitnerium | Mt | 109 | \[\left[ Rn \right]\text{ }5{{f}^{14}}6{{d}^{7}}7{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Ununnilium | Uun | 110 | \[\left[ Rn \right]\text{ }5{{f}^{14}}6{{d}^{8}}7{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Unununium | Uuu | 111 | \[\left[ Rn \right]\text{ }5{{f}^{14}}6{{d}^{9}}7{{s}^{2}}\] | |
Unubium | Uub | 112 | \[\left[ Rn \right]\text{ }5{{f}^{14}}6{{d}^{10}}7{{s}^{2}}\] |
Elements marked with asterisk have anomalous configurations. These are attributed to factors like nuclear-electron and electron-electron forces and stability of half filled and full filled orbital.
All transition elements are d block elements but all d block elements are not transition elements.
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