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Chapter-2 Geology

 

Geology is an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Geology describes the structure of the Earth on and beneath its surface, and the processes that have shaped that structure. It also provides tools to determine the relative and absolute ages of rocks found in a given location, and also to describe the history of those rocks.

 

In practical terms, geology is important for mineral and hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation, evaluating water resources, understanding of natural hazards, the remediation of environmental problems, and providing insights into past climate change.

 

Geologically, Madhya Pradesh was a part of Gondwanaland. As Madhya Pradesh is the oldest portion of the Earth, it has witnessed structural changes through various times. There had been some geological changes in this part of the peninsula. The impact of geological activities can be seen in the form of organic activities which has resulted in the form of the plateaus and rift valleys. Rocks from the ancient Archaean to Tertiary time period can be found here. The oldest group of rocks consists of Archaean and Paleozoic rocks, which has formed about 45 percent area of Madhya Pradesh. In Madhya Pradesh, rocks of this era are found in Bundelkhand region as Bundelkhand gneiss rocks. In addition, the Gondwana Shale

Group has formed from rocks of Carboniferous to Cretaceous period. The oldest group of rocks comprising of Achaeans and Proterozoic formation constitute nearly 45% area of the State. The next younger formation of Carboniferous to lower Cretaceous comprising Gondwana Super Group covers 10% area while the formation of Cretaceous to Paleocene comprising mostly of Deccan Trap basalt constitutes 38% area of the State.

 

Geological Structure of Madhya Pradesh

 

Archaean, Dharwar, Cuddapah, Vindhyan, and Gondwana rock systems found in Madhya Pradesh and the geomagnetic structure of Madhya Pradesh has formed from rocks of Archaean to the quaternary period. In Madhya Pradesh, rocks of the Archaean, Vindhyan and Deccan Trap found to be most extensible.

 

Era	Rock Group
Latest	Alluvium
Pleistocene	Ancient Alluvium and Laterite
Lower Eocene-Upper Cretaceous	Deccan Trap and Intra Trappean
Lower Cretaceous-Middle Triassic	Upper Gondwana Shale Group
Lower Triassic-Upper Carboniferous	Lower Gondwana Shale group
Cambrian	Upper Vindhyan Formation
Late Pre-Cambrian	Lower Vindhyan Formation Cuddappah
Early Pre-Cambrian	Dharwad and Equal Shale group
Archean	Granite and Gneiss

 

 

 

 

Archaean System

 

• The rocks of Archaean (Pre-Paleozoic are considered to be the most ancient rocks, due to which they are also called ancestral and primary rocks). The Archaean rocks extend to the north, northwest and eastern part of Madhya Pradesh. Archaean rocks cover the maximum part of Madhya Pradesh.
• These rocks form the base for other types of rocks. There are different types of rocks like Gneiss, Granite, Schist, Marble, Quartz, Dolomite etc.
• Rocks of Archaean times are the oldest rocks over the Earth. These rocks are devoid of any fossils because they belong to the times when there was no life on the Earth. In Madhya Pradesh, such rocks can be found in Bundelkhand region.
• Archaean rocks are very contracted in shape and hence faults and folds are their main features.
• Major composition of this rock group is Gneiss and Granite.
• Chamokite Gneiss (Named after Job Charnok) made of micro particles.
• Bundelkhand Gneisses are made of macro particles.
• The traces of the Archaean rocks could be found in the form of pink granite, sill and dyke in long, narrow caves of Bundelkhand.
• Minerals: Granite, Marble Gneiss, Chamokite, Schist, Phyllite, Khondalite, Quartzite, Pegmatite.

 

Dharwar System

 

• The Dharwar rock system is formed by erosion and deposition of Archaean rocks.
• Dharwar Rock System is the first metamorphic sedimentary rocks in India. There is absence of fossils in Dharwar rocks and contain deposits of granite, gneiss, slate, feldspar, quartzite, mica, schist, Phyllite etc.
• The large area spreading of Dharwar system in Madhya Pradesh is found in Balaghat and Chhindwara districts located in the south-eastern part of the state.
• The rocks of this system are economically very important. All prominent metallic mineral are found in this rocks-schist, slate, quartzite and conglomerate are rocks of this system. Minerals such as gold, manganese ore, iron-ore, chromium, copper, uranium, thorium and mica are found in this rock group.
• Building materials such as granite, marble, quartzite and slate rocks are also available in them.
• Rocks belonging to the Dharwar times are majorly the metamorphic rocks formed out by the erosion of Archaean rocks. Due to their metamorphism under very high temperature and pressure, rocks of these times do not contain any fossils.
• In Madhya Pradesh, these rocks are mainly found in Jabalpur, Balaghat and Chhindwara districts.
• In Chhindwara district, Dharwar rock system is known as Sausar series. The expansion of the Sausar sequence of rocks of Dharwar System is found as narrow strip from Nagpur in Maharashtra to Chhindwara district of Madhya Pradesh, in which there is an excess of Manganese and Mica.
• Series of rock which are found in Balaghat district and its nearby areas are known as Chilpi series. In Balaghat district, deposits of thick slate and phylllite are found in the rocks of Chilpi series.
• Series of rock which are found in Jabalpur district are known as Bhedaghat and Bijawar. In Bijawar series, famous diamond mines of Panna are found.
• Dharwar rocks are highly Metalliferous. They are rich in iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, gold, silver, tungsten, nickel, etc.
• The Special series of Dharwar Rock Group mainly extended in two districts of MP- Balaghat and Chhindwara are called Closepet Series Quartzite, Copper, Pyrite and Manganese are found here. Malajkhand Mine (Balaghat) belongs to Closepet series.
• Sakoli Series Mainly found in Jabalpur district major deposits are High quality Marble.Dolomite, Mica, Schist,.
• Sauser Series Extended from Chhindwara to Nagpur.
• Minerals: Quartzite, Mica, Schist, Marble and Manganese.

 

Purana Rock System

 

The Cuddapah and Vindhyan rock systems are together known as the Purana rock system, This rock system was formed by the erosion and deposition of Archaean gneiss and Dharwar rocks, the process is believed to have taken place between 1400-600 million years ago. They are mostly sedimentary in nature. The Purana rocks are among the oldest rocks found in MP.

 

Purana Rocks are divided into/allowing sub-groups:-

 

• Cuddapah Rocks

1.             Bijawar series

2.             Gwalior Series

 

• Vindhyan Rocks

3.             Lower Vindhyan System (Semari Series)

4.             Kaimur - Bhander -Rewa Series

 

Cuddapah Rocks

 

• This system derives its name from the Cuddapah district of Andhra Pradesh.
• It is an older system of rocks. The rocks of the Cuddapah system have been formed in the pre-Cambrian period due to denudation and erosion of Archaean and Dharwar rocks.
•  The Cuddapah rocks are ancient sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, most of which are found in the northwest and north-eastern part of Madhya Pradesh.
•  In Madhya Pradesh, these rocks occur in Gwalior, Panna, Jabalpur and Rewa districts, The rocks found in these regions are rich in iron ore, jasper, shale, nickel, marble etc.
• In MP it's mainly extended to Rewa-Panna Plateau and partially in Son-Valley and Gwalior region.
• The Cuddapah rock group is older than the Vindhyan. The rocks of the Cuddapah rock groups are highly broken and metamorphic.
• These rocks are mainly found in the plains of Chhattisgarh but there is a wide extension of Bijawar series at Panna and Gwalior in Madhya Pradesh.
• The rocks are found on the north western border of Madhya Pradesh in the form of Shale, Jasper, Homstone and Pores stone.
• In Madhya Pradesh, lower Cuddapah system rocks are found in Gwalior, Panna and Chhatarpur districts, which are known as Gwalior series in Gwalior division.

 Two series of Cuddapah rocks in MP are as follows:-

• Bijawar Series

 

• The upper layer of lower Cuddapah is the Bijawar series.
•  In the Panna and Chhatarpur districts of Madhya Pradesh, an expansion of rocks of lower Cuddapah rock system is found, which is known as the Bijawar series.
• In the Bijawar series of Cuddapah rocks, deposits of diamonds are obtained in the volcanic fracture (layer of basalt rocks). Apart from diamond, deposits of sandstone, quartzite, limestone, hematite and homstone are also obtained from the Bijawar series. Major Minerals found here- Diamond, Sandstone, Quartzite and Limestone.

 

• Gwalior Series

 

• The Gwalior series is no different from Bijawar series.
• This series is the part of Aravalli Shale Group, so these rocks meet on the north western border of Madhya Pradesh.
• There are more signs of metamorphism in them. Ex- Jasper, Limestone, China clay and Homstone.

 

Vindhyan Rock Group

 

• The Main Part of Purana rock group is the Vindhyan. Vindhyan rocks are formed after Cuddapah rocks. It is named after Vindhyachal.
• These are flaky rocks formed by water deposits. Sandstone is obtained from the Vindhyan rocks which indicate that the deposits from these rocks were formed Which gathered in the shallow sea itself.
• This rock system is extended from Rewa district of Madhya Pradesh in North-West of Son to the Rajasthan in West of the Chambal. In the middle part they were covered by Deccan trap. After erosion Vindhyan rock group has started appearing again.
• This is the second largest rock group found in MP after Archaean extending from east to west nearly 1050 km in length.
• The Vindhyan system has been divided into the Lower and Upper divisions which are separated by a zone of unconformity.

 

The lower Vindhyan rocks

 

• The lower Vindhyan rocks are formed by sediments that were deposited in a very thick layer in the sea.
• These rocks are found in most of peninsular India. The lower Vindhyan rocks are mainly found in the five peninsular regions, where they are called by different names such as :-

 

• The Semri Range in the Son River Valley,
• The Kurnool Range in the southwestern part of Andhra Pradesh,
• The Bhima Range in the Bhima River Valley and different ranges of these rocks are found in the upper Godavari valley and north of Narmada valley in Malwa and Bundelkhand. From these rocks, limestone, Rhyolite, felsites, shale and quartzite are obtained.

Semari Series

 

• This group of rocks is extended in North of Narmada from East to West. They could also be found in the valleys of Bhima and Son. In the valley of Son, they could be seen in the form of limestone, shale and sandstone.
• High Lands of Damoh and Sagar belong to Semari Series
• The Semari Series is the main series of the Lower Vindhyan rocks in the Son-Narmada Valley region of Madhya Pradesh.
• The Semari Group consists of five formations and is constituted of typically alternating shale, carbonate, sandstone and volcanic rocks.
• Most of the lower Vindhyan rocks extend from east to west in the north of the Narmada River and in the Son River and Bhima Valley regions.
• Minerals: Sandstone, Limestone and shale

 

• Upper Vindhyan System

 

• This group of rocks is extended in the North of Narmada in the form of Kaimur, Rewa and Bhander series.
• A small amount of fossils is also found in this system of rocks.
• In Madhya Pradesh, rocks of the upper Vindhyan series have been formed from the lower Proterozoic period to the upper Proterozoic and pre-Cambrian period.
• The rocks of the upper Vindhyan range extend into the northern part of the Narmada-Son Valley region, which has been divided into Kaimur Series, Rewa Series and Bhander Series.
• The building material and stone used in the historical buildings and monuments of Northern-India are found here in abundance.

 

• Kaimur Series

 

• In Madhya Pradesh, the extension of the Kaimur series as rocks of the upper Vindhyan range is found in the Ken river valley area, in which deposits of granite and conglomerate are found. In addition, the extension of the Rewa series is found in the Sagar and Panna districts and lays north-west of the Kaimur series. It consists of shale at the base called the Panna shale.
• Major portion found in Baghelkhand and some portion in Bundelkhand.
• Extended in Satna, Rewa, and Panna.
• Minerals: Sandstone, Conglomerate Rocks

 

• Bhander Series
• Bhander Series is spread over the western part of the Vindhyan ranges in Sagar, Satna and Damoh districts of Madhya Pradesh. The sandstones are divided into lower Bhander and upper Bhander stages with shales known as the Sirbu Shale in between them. Deposits of limestone, sandstone and shale are found from the rocks of the Bhander series.
• Two main Parts are-Ganorgarh and Sirabu.
• Minerals: Limestones, Sandstones.

 

• Rewa series
• Location: Damoh, Katni, Rajgarh, Sagar, Satna and Panna.
• Two main parts are- Panna and Jhiri rocks.
• There are large deposits of conglomerate and Diamond.
• Minerals: Sandstones, Diamond, Limestones.

 

Aryan rock system

 

Aryan rock system belongs to the rock of Carboniferous Period to Pleistocene epoch. Aryan rock system consists of various rock groups such as Jurassic, Triassic and Gondwana.

 

Gondwana System

 

This system of rocks is mainly found in Satpura and Baghelkhand Plateau region of Madhya Pradesh. Gondwana system of rocks mainly consists of layered rocks. Economically, Gondwana rocks are most important in India. They are rich in deposits of Iron ore. Copper, Uranium, Sandstones, Slates, etc.

 

The first Gondwana rocks were studied in the ancient Gondwana state (Mandla-Dindori) in the south eastern part of Madhya Pradesh, on the basis of which they have been named Gondwana rocks. The Gondwana system is regarded as the last massive formation of the stratified sedimentary rocks in the trough-basins of the Peninsula which were formed during the middle Carboniferous period. Huge quantity of alluvial matter was deposited in these basins over a long period of time starting from the Upper basis over a long period. The Gondwana rocks of Madhya Pradesh are divided into three categories:-

 

Lower Gondwana System

This is also known as Talcher system of rocks and is mainly found in Son-Mahanadi valley and the Satpura region. Lower Gondwana Group is widespread in the Satpura region. The Mohapani and Pench valley coalfields of Madhya Pradesh come under the Lower Gondwana Group.

According to the geologists, this system of rocks was made up by the action of wind and ice, due to their average thickness of 10-122 m.

 

Middle Gondwana System

In Madhya Pradesh, the middle Gondwana rock system is developed in Satpura region and in the nearby areas like Pachat, Pachmarhi, Denwa and Bagara. In Son-Mahanadi area, they are known as Parsora and Tihki. In the Pachmarhi region, the big layer sandstone is found, that is yellowish red in appearance because of the excess of iron. Clay stone is also found in Pachmarhi.

 Upper Gondwana System

The rocks of Gondwana Group are extensive in Baghelkhand and Satpura region. Sandstone and shale are most abundant in this rock system. They differ from middle Gondwana deposits in having coal beds, vegetation remains and limestone.

In Satpura area, they are known as Chaugan. They contain layers of limestone, clay sandstone and conglomerate in abundance. Minerals like coal, stone found in these rocks The Jabalpur series is rich in soft sandstone, white and yellow shale, coal, coal beds and typical animal remains.

 

Cretaceous Rock System

 

• In Cretaceous period there were many geological activities in Deccan Plateau evidences of these activities can be found in Madhya Pradesh.
• These are found in Nimar area and some part of west Malwa.
• Bagh beds: In Madhya Pradesh, traces of cretaceous rocks are found in the Narmad valley. In Narmada valley, the groups of rocks formed by the sediments of the rivers and estuaries.
• Lameta beds: These are comparatively newer formation than Bagh beds. These are the sediments found in areas other than Narmada valley. In this rock system the mixed limestone rocks, sandstone, grit and clay stones are majorly found along with some fossils.

 

Deccan Trap

 

• It was formed by deposits of thick basalt from the volcano of cretaceous period (135 million years ago). Deccan Trap nearly covered an area about 5,17,800 sq km.
• The Upper north-west part of Peninsular India is called as Deccan Trap.
• Deccan trap consists of multiple layers of solidified flood basalt.
• In Indore, Bhopal and Western Jabalpur divisions, the rocks of Deccan Trap are found.
• Deccan Trap is divided into three parts:

 

• Lower Trap
• Location: Area of Narmada rift Valley.
• Height: 150m.
• Composition: Ash and Fossils.
• Bagh-Lameta Series (with great percentage of lime) extended to this trap.

 

• Middle Trap
• Location: large portion of Malwa Plateau and Madhya Bharat Plateau.
• Height: 200 m.
• No fossils found in these trap.

 

• Upper Trap
• Location: Malwa Plateau
• Contains Fossils.
• Intertrappean beds and layers of volcanic ash.

 

                                                                         Tertiary System

 

·                     Tertiary time period is very significant time period with respect to Indian Geologies history. It is the last phase of development of Indian geological formation.

·                     Two important events occurred during this time-Gondwanaland broke into various plates and intermediary portion of it got submerged under Tethys Sea.

·                     During this time, Narmada valley and the Deccan Plateau got evolved in its present form.

·                     The sediments of Tethys Sea folded into Himalayas.

·                     The Narmada and Son valley emerged due to the degrading of the landmass. Upliftment of the Northern plateau gave rise to the slopes and falls on the Northern boundaries of the state.

·                     These high falls and low lying slopes resulted in the erosion through rivers which also lead to the formation of river valleys.

 

Geological Formation of Madhya Pradesh

 

Times	Rocks found
Archaean	Pink Granite of Bundelkhand, Gneiss, Sill, Dyke
Dharwar System	Chilpi hills of Balaghat, Sausar hills of Chhindwara and Bijawar of Bundelkhand
Purana System	Panna, Bijawar of Gwalior
Aryan	Coal fields of Satpura and Baghelkhnad
Cretaceous System	Bagh and Lameta series and volcanoes of Malwa
Tertiary System	Narmada and Son Valley

 

Geological Succession

 

Period/Sub Period	Age	Geological Formation	Associated Mineral Deposits
Recent Pliestocene	1 M.Y. to 18 M.Y.	Alluvium, Laterite & Bauxite	Ground Water, Bauxite deposits of Rewa, Satna etc.
Cretaceous to Palaeocene	64 to 97 M.Y.	Deccan Trap Basalt, Bagh, Lametas (Intra-Trappean)	Gem varieties of Quartz, Road material. Limestone deposits of Dhar, Jhabua distnct.
Upper Cardboniferous to lower Cretaceous	97 to 320 M.Y.	Gondwana Supergroup	Coal deposits of Betui, Sidhi, Shahdol and Chhindwara, Jabalpur, distnct. Clay deposits of Katni, Shahdol district etc.
Proterozoic- III	570 to 900 M.Y.	Bhander Group Rewa Group	Limestone deposits of Damoh, Katni districts etc. Conglomeratic Diamond field of Panna district.
Proterozoic	900 to 1800 M.Y.	Kaimur Group, Semri Group	Diamondiferous kimberlites of Panna district, limestone deposits of Mandsaur, Rewa, Satna distt. Lead-zinc deposite of damoh district.
Proterozoic I to II	-	Gwalior Group, Bijawar Group, Chilpi Group	Rock Phosphate of Sagar district. Dolomite deposit of Mandla district, Iron ore deposit of Jabalpur district (uneconomic) Minor occurrences of Mn ore.
Proterozoic - I	1600 to 2500 M.Y.	Sausar Group, Aravalli Group	Manganese deposit of Balaghat and Chhindwara district, Copper deposit of Balaghat. Phosphorite and Manganese deposits of Jhabua distt.
Archaean to Proterozoic-I	-	Sakoli Group Bundelkhand granite	Pyrophyllite-Diaspore of Tikamgarh, Chhatarpur distt., Granite for cutting / polishing.
Archaean	Older than 2500 M.Y.	Amagaon Group peninsular gneisses, Older granites and Migmatites	-

 

Summary

 

Geology

 

• Geology is an earth science concerned with the solid Earth, the rocks of which it is composed, and the processes by which they change over time. Geology describes the structure of the Earth on and beneath its surface, and the processes that have shaped that structure.Geologically, Madhya Pradesh was a part of Gondwanaland. As Madhya Pradesh is the oldest portion of the Earth, it has witnessed structural changes through various times.

 

Geological Struture of Madhya Pradesh

 

• Archaean,    Dharwar,    Cuddapah Vindhyan, and Gondwana rock system found in Madhya Pradesh and the geomagnetic structure of Madhya Pradesh has formed from rocks of Archaen period to the quaternary period. In Madhya Pradesh, rocks of the Archaean, Vindhyan and Deccan Trap found to be most extensible.

 

Archaean System

 

• The rocks of Archaean (Pre- Paleozoic are considered to be the most ancient rocks, due to which they are also called ancestral and primary rocks). The Archaean rocks extend to the north, northwest and eastern part of Madhya Pradesh. Archaean rocks cover the maximum part of Madhya Pradesh.
• These rocks form the base for other types, of rocks. There are different types of rocks like Gneiss, Granite, Schist, Marble, Quartz, Dolomite etc.

 

Dharwar System

 

• The Dharwar rock system is formed by erosion and deposition of Archaean rocks. Dharwar Rock System is the first metamorphic sedimentary rocks in India.
• There is absence of fossils in Dharwar rocks and contain deposits of granite, gneiss, slate, felsfer, quartzite, mica, schist, phyllite etc.
• The large area spreading of Dharwar system in Madhya Pradesh is found in Balaghat and Chhindwara districts located in the south-eastern part of the state.

 

Purana System

 

• The Archaean gneiss and the Dharwar rocks underwent further erosion leading to the formation of the Purana Rock system. The Purana rock system is further subdivided into-
• The Cuddapah Rocks.
• The Vindhyan Rocks.

 

Cuddapah Rocks

 

• This system derives its name from the Cuddapah district of Andhra Pradesh. It is an older system of rocks. The rocks of the Cuddapah system have been formed in the pre-Cambrian period due to denudation and erosion of Archaean and Dharwar rocks.
•  The Cuddapah rocks are ancient sedimentary and metamorphic rocks. most of which are found in the northwest and north-eastern part of Madhya Pradesh. Two series of Cuddapah rocks in MP are as follows.
• Two series of Cuddapah rocks in MP are as follows.

 

Bijawar Series

 

• The upper layer of lower Cuddapah is the Bijawar series.
•  In the Panna and Chhatarpur districts of Madhya Pradesh, an expansion of rocks of lower Cuddapah rock system is found, which is known as the Bijawar series.

 

Gwalior Series

 

• The transformed composition of Bijawar is the Gwalior series located in Gwalior district.
• The extension of the Gwalior Series is found from the south of Gwalior to the Seondha Tehsil of Datia district.

 

Vindhya Rock Group

 

• The Main Part of Purana rock group is the Vindhyan. Vindhyan rocks are formed after Cuddapah rocks. It is named after Vindhyanchal.
• These are flaky rocks formed by water deposits. Sandstone is obtained from the Vindhyan rocks which indicate that the deposits from which these rocks were formed were gathered in the shallow sea itself. This rock system is extended from Rewa district of Madhya Pradesh in North-West of Son to the Rajasthan in West of the Chambal.

 

Aryan rock system

 

•  Aryan rock system belongs to the rock belonging to the period ranging from Carboniferous Period to Pleistocene epoch.
• Aryan rock system consists of various rock groups such as Jurassic, Triassic and Gondwana.

 

Gondwana System

 

• This system of rocks is mainly found in Satpura and Baghelkhand Plateau region of Madhya Pradesh. Gondwana system of rocks mainly consists of layered rocks. Economically, Gondwana rocks are most important in India. They are rich in deposits of Iron ore. Copper, Uranium, Sandstones, Slates, etc.

 

Cretaceous Rock System

 

• In Cretaceous period there were many geological activities in Deccan Plateau evidences of these activities can be found in Madhya Pradesh.
• These are found in Nimar area and some part of west Malwa.

 

Deccan Trap

 

• It was formed by deposits of thick basalt from the volcano of cretaceous period (135 million years ago). Deccan Trap nearly covered an area about 5,17,800 sq km.
• The Upper north-west part of Peninsular India is called as Deccan Trap.
• Deccan Trap means the southern fault land trapped by all sides.

 

Tertiary System

 

• Tertiary time period is very significant time period with respect to Indian Geological history. It is the last phase of development of Indian geological formation.
• Two important events occurred during this time-Gondwana land broke into various plates and intermediary portiol of it got submerged under Tethys Sea.
• During this time, Narmada valley and the Deccan Plateau got evolved in its present form.

 

Bhander series

 

• Bhander series is spread over the western part of the Vindhyan ranges in Sagar, Satna and Damoh districts of Madhya Pradesh.
• The sandstones are divided into lower Bhander and upper Bhander stages with shale known as the Sirbu Shale in between them.

 

Closepet Series

 

• The Special series of Dharwar Rock group, mainly extended in two districts of MP Balaghat and Chhindwara are called Closepet Series
• Quartzite,    Copper,    Pyrite    and Manganese are found here.
• Malajkhand Mine (Balaghat) belongs to Closepet series.

 

Talcher Series

 

• The Lower Gondwana rock system, is also known as the Talcher, which is found in the Satpura range in the Mahanadi Valley.
• Their 10 to 122 meter thick structure has led geologists to conclude that snow and animals
• have transported them and this leads to the conclusion that the area was under cold effect at that time.
• The coal of Mohapani, area belongs to the Talcher rock group.

 

Probable Questions

 

1. Very Short Questions

 

• Define geology.
• What is the major rock groups found in Madhya Pradesh?
• Write a short note on Dharwar rocks in Madhya Pradesh?
• Write a short note on Purana rock system in Madhya Pradesh?
• Write a short note on Vindhyan rocks in Madhya Pradesh?
• Write a short note on Dharwar rocks in Madhya Pradesh?
• Write a short note on Bundelkhand Gneiss in Madhya Pradesh?
• Write a short note on Talcher series in Madhya Pradesh?
• Write a short note on Bijawar rocks in Madhya Pradesh?
• Write a short note on Bagh series in Madhya Pradesh?
• Write a short note on Lamerta series in Madhya Pradesh?

 

2. Short Questions

 

• Write a note on Vindhyan rock group?
• Write a note on Cretaceous rocks in Madhya Pradesh?
• Discuss the Cuddapah rock group in Madhya Pradesh?
• Discuss Dharwar rock group in Madhya Pradesh?
• Discuss the Gondwana rock group in Madhya Pradesh?

 

3. Long Questions

 

• Write in detail the geological structure of M.P.?
• Explain Purana rock system in detail.