# Current Affairs MP State Exams

Chapter - 1 Madhya Pradesh: Introduction   Madhya Pradesh is a state of vivid culture, historical places, hill stations, and rich wildlife experiences. Madhya Pradesh which is also known as Hriday Pradesh lies in the middle of [India and shares its borders with five neighboring states. Spread over an area of 3,08,252 kilometer square covering 52 districts, MP has varied topographic and climatic characteristics. The state is completely landlocked. The state covers wide area of Indian plateau regions. The state is endowed with rich natural resources and fertile agro climatic conditions.     Madhya Pradesh forms part of peninsular plateau of India, lying in north central part. Most of the sate lies on the table land of Central India, which is a part of the oldest Gondwana Land. The natural boundary of Madhya Pradesh is determined by the Chambal River in the north and plains of Ganga-Yamuna, in South. In north-west Aravalli mountain range. In north-east Son River, and in South-East Amarkantak Plateau.   Geographical expansion of Madhya Parades is in between the latitude of $21.6{}^\circ N-26.30{}^\circ N$ and longitude of ${{74}^{o}}9'E-{{82}^{o}}{{48}^{}}E.$
• Tropic of Cancer ($23{}^\circ 30'$North latitude) divides Madhya Pradesh into two equal parts, passing through 14 districts of the state- Ratlam, Ujjain, Agar-Malwa, Rajgarh, Sehore, Bhopal, Vidisha, Raisen, Sagar, Damoh, Katni, Jabalpur, Umaria and Shahdol.

• Ratlam District is situated in the north of Tropic of Cancer. Bhopal is the only division through which the Tropic of Cancer passes through all the districts (Bhopal Sehore, Vidisha, Rajgarh, Raisen).
• Agar-Malwa was declared a district by separating it from Shajapur district on August 16, 2013, because of the separation of the district from Shajapur, now the Tropic of Cancer passes through Agar-Malwa district instead of Shajapur.
•  Indian Standard Time (IST) Line or India's Meridian ($82{}^\circ 30'$East longitude) passes through Singrauli district under Rewa division of Madhya Pradesh.
• Singrauli district is situated between $23{}^\circ 49$' northern latitudes and 24°42' north latitudes and $81{}^\circ 18'$ east longitudes and $82{}^\circ 48'$ east longitudes. Before the formation of Singrauli district in Year 2008, the Indian standard time line passed through Sidhi district.
• The eastern and western border of Madhya Pradesh there is a difference of 34 minutes (8.4) hence sunrise half an hour earlier than the Singrauli in the most eastern district than in Alirajpur is the most western district of Madhya Pradesh. Alirajpur is located between$22{}^\circ 18'19'$northern latitude and $74{}^\circ 21'9'$east longitude and Singrauli is located $23{}^\circ 49'$ north latitude to $24{}^\circ 42'$north latitude and $81{}^\circ 18'$east longitudes to $82{}^\circ 48'$east longitudes.

#### Physiography (MPPSC Geography)

• Central Indian Plateau (Madhya Bharat Plateau) comprises the northern part of the Central Highlands. It covers most of the North-western Part of Madhya Pradesh. It covers an area of 32,896 sq km which is 10.68% sq of the state's total area.
• It lies between $\mathbf{24}{}^\text{o}\mathbf{10}\text{ }\mathbf{to}\text{ }\mathbf{26}{}^\text{o}\mathbf{48}$ North latitude and $\mathbf{74}{}^\text{o}\mathbf{50}\text{ }\mathbf{to}\text{ }\mathbf{79}{}^\text{o}\mathbf{18}$East longitude.

• It is bounded by the Upper-Ganges more...

#### Climate (MPPSC Geography)

• Regional variation:- Madhya Pradesh weather is markedly different in the following climate zones the Northern Plains, the Hilly Region of the Vindhyan, the Narmada Valley, and the Malwa Plateau.
• Temperature variation:- The seasons found here also vary in temperature. The maximum temperature in the state is in May and the lowest in January.
• Unequal distribution of the Rainfall:- There is a wide regional variation in the rainfall e.g. Pachmarhi has average rainfall of 212.3 cm while Bhind gets only 62.4cm.
• Geographical location
• Land locked (No coastal connection)
• High Temp Range.
• Distance from Sea: No moderating effect of the sea
• Tropic of Cancer passing through centre: Result in high Temp.
• Presence of mountain ranges.
• Activities of South-Western Monsoon.
• According to A.R. Subramanian and T. Shreemannarayana:- A R Subranmaniam and T Srimannarayana (1991) have classified the climate of Madhya Pradesh into 3 parts based on Madhya Pradesh's climatological study.

• Semi dry and Steppe Type-It extends to the north-west in Neemuch, Mandaur districts and to the north Chambal valley districts- Shivpuri, morena, Sheopur, Bhind, Datia and Gwalior districts
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• Hot Tropical-It had wide terrain from west to east in the central part of the State.
• Tropical Humid and Dry Type-Occupies more...

• #### Natural Vegetation (MPPSC Geography)

• Cover 8.97% of Total area
• These forests grow in the areas receiving rainfall of around 100 to 150 cm. These forests are majority found in the area of Sidhi, Mandla, Balaghat, Seoni, Umaria, Anuppur and Shahdol.
• Major trees found in these forests are Peepal, Rosewood, Sal, Bamboo, etc.
• Major and Minor both forest produce are provided by these forest. It includes mainly Teak, Sal, Bamboo, and some quantity of Dhora, Kasai, Tinsa, Jamun, Mahua, Seza, Harra, etc
2.            Tropical Dry Deciduous Forest
• Cover 88.65% of Total area
• These forests grow in the areas receiving an annual average rainfall of 50 to 100 cm. These forests shed their leaves during summer due to lack of water.
• These forests are found at Chhatarpur, Parma, Chhindwara, Damoh, Seoni, Sagar, Jabalpur, Betul, and Hoshangabad, Gwalior and Bhopal districts.
• Major trees found in these forests are Teak, Rosewood, Neem, Peepal, more...

#### Soil (MPPSC Geography)

CHAPTER-6 SOIL   Soils form an important part of the physical landscape of any region and linked with other components of physical landscape e.g. landforms, natural vegetation and the climate. Soil is the thin layer of minerals covering the earth's surface and is formed from the weathering of rocks. It is made up mainly of mineral particles, organic materials, air, water and living organisms- all are interact with each other slowly but constantly. Soil can be defined as the surface material accumulated on the bedrock over a period of time. It is made up of fine mineral fragments provided by the weathering of rocks and organic matter obtained from the remains of plants and animals. Soils are dynamic in their character and subject to change in its physical as well as chemical properties, under the influence of the local environmental and anthropological conditions.   Composition Soil is a complex body composed of five major components -
• Mineral matter obtained by the disintegration and decomposition of rocks
• Organic matter, obtained by the decay of plant residues, animal remains and microbial tissues;
• Water, obtained from the atmosphere and the reactions in soil (chemical, physical and microbial).
•  Air or gases, from atmosphere, reactions of roots, microbes and chemicals in the soil
• Organisms, both big (worms, insects) and small (microbes).
Soil Properties   All soils contain mineral particles, organic matter, water and air. The combinations of these determine the soil's properties-such as texture, structure, porosity, chemistry and colour.     Physical properties of Soil   Soil Colour The most obvious feature of soil is its colour. Colour sometimes suggests the composition and chemical makeup of the soil. For example, the soils of the Deccan plateau region have a black colour which indicate its volcanic origin while those of deserts have a light yellow or reddish colour indicate having particles of salt and iron.   Soil color is influenced primarily by soil mineralogy - telling us what is specific in a soil. Soils which are high in iron are deep orange-brown to yellowish-brown. Those soils that are high in organic matter are dark brown or black. Color can also tell us how a soil ?behaves?? - a soil that drains well is brightly colored and one that is often wet and soggy will have a mottled pattern of grays, reds, and yellows.   Soil texture The particles that make up soil are categorized into three groups by size - sand, silt, and clay. Sand more...

#### Mineral Resources (MPPSC Geography)

CHAPTER-7 MINERAL RESOURCES   Minerals are one of the most important constituents for the industrial development of the Nation and State. The extensive rock system found in Madhya Pradesh has various types of minerals lying under them. The Purana rocks in the Vindhyas, Bijawar and Gwalior group of rocks are abundant in limestone, dolomite and phosphorus. These rocks also have underlying bed of Kimberlitic rocks having diamonds. The Gondwana group of rocks has sandstone and coal in abundance.   Minerals   Minerals are naturally occurring homogeneous solid with a definite chemical composition and a highly ordered atomic arrangement; it is usually formed by inorganic processes. To meet the definition of "mineral" a substance must meet five requirements:
• Naturally occurring
• Inorganic
• Solid
• Definite chemical composition
• Ordered internal structure
Minerals are classified based on their crystal form and chemistry. Minerals are divided into two types namely metallic and non-metallic.   Types of Minerals   1.            Metallic Minerals
• Metallic minerals exhibit luster in their appearance and consist of metals in their chemical composition. These minerals serve as a potential source of metal and can be extracted through mining. Examples of metallic minerals are Manganese, iron ore and bauxite etc and can be divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metallic minerals.
• Ferrous minerals are one that contains iron and nonferrous are one that does not contain iron.
2.            Nonmetallic minerals
• Non-metallic minerals are minerals which either show a non-metallic luster or shine in their appearance. Extractable metals are not present in their chemical composition. Limestone, gypsum, and mica are examples of non-metallic minerals.
Properties of Minerals   Minerals are classified by their chemical composition and crystalline structure. These two featrures occur on a microscopic level, but we can see them in other ways because they determine a mineral's observable physical properties. In other words, what appears to us on the outside is determined by what's on the inside.   The seven physical properties of minerals are:
• Crystal form
• Hardness
• more...

#### Energy Resources (MPPSC Geography)

CHAPTER-8 ENERGY RESOURCES   Energy is the capacity to do work and is required for life processes. Energy is the fundamental resource for the development and the progress of any region. Energy consumption and development are synonymous. If any state is rich in energy resources, it has direct impact on industrial development, economic development and standard of living.   An energy resource is something that can produce heat, power, move objects, or produce electricity. Energy resources are all forms of fuels used in the modem world, either for heating, generation of electrical energy, or for other forms of energy conversion processes.   On the basis of generation, energy sources can be classified into two types: Nonrenewable and Renewable. On the basis of the uses the energy sources can be classified as the Commercial energy and Noncommercial energy.   Nonrenewable resources Non-renewable energy is a source of energy that will eventually run out, such as fossil fuels and nuclear material. These resources have been the most used type of energy in the modem era. These are also known as conventional sources of Energy.   Renewable resources Renewable energy is energy produced from sources that do not deplete or can be replenished within a human's life time such as wind, water, solar, and geothermal, come from sources that regenerate as fast as they are consumed and are continuously available. Such as biofuel produced from food crops and other plants, are replenished every growing season. In the early part of the twenty-first century, renewable sources have become more popular as nonrenewable sources have begun to be depleted. These are also known as Non- conventional sources of energy.   Commercial energy  The energy sources that are used to generate electricity and that are available in the marketplace with a specific price are known as Commercial energy sources. The most commercialized forms of energy sources are electricity, coal, advanced petroleum products and nuclear energy etc.     Non-commercial energy   Non-commercial energy sources, which include fuels such as cattle dung and agricultural and urban waste, are conventionally gathered and not bought at a price used particularly in rural areas. These are also called Traditional fuels and are often ignored in energy accounting.   Energy Resources in Madhya Pradesh   There are various conventional sources of energy in Madhya Pradesh which are coal, oil and mineral oil, natural gas, atomic energy. Non-conventional sources of energy are solar energy, wind energy etc. The two main sources of energy in Madhya Pradesh are coal and Hydel power. The reorganization of state has affected its electricity production drastically.   Conventional Sources of Energy in MP Some important conventional energy sources are discussed below-     1.            Coal

#### Industries (MPPSC Geography)

• The first sugar mill in the state was established at Jawra (Ratlam) in 1934, since, sugarcane is cultivated majorly in the Western districts of the state, and major sugar mills are situated in the Western districts of the state.
• The largest sugar mill of the state is at Bariai in Sehore. Others are Dabra Sugar Mill (Gwalior), Jiwajirao Sugar Co. (Mandsaur), Jawra Sugar Mill (Ratlam), Seth Govind Das Sugar Mill (Ujjain), Sarangpur, Balsai and Aalot Sugar Mill. There are 27 sugar mills If Madhya Pradesh.
Locational Factors
• Raw Material: Sugarcane is a perishable and weight losing raw material about 90 percent of the material is wasted and only 10 percent sugar is produced. Hence Sugar industries are located near the sugarcane producing areas.
•  Transportation: Location of sugar mills closer to the farmers enables the farmers to bring their produce to the mills easily using transportation like bullock carts, tractors etc.
•  Availability of labour: Cheap labor should be available at local level.
•  Availability of Capital- Growth of any Industry depends on low interest loan with supporting policies of Government and same are the case for sugar industry.
•  Power-Constant supply of electricity in extremely needed for industrial growth.
• Market availability: Sufficient level of market is available for the consumption of the sugar in the state.
Problems with sugar industry in Madhya more...

#### Tribes (MPPSC Geography)

CHAPTER-10 TRIBES   The term 'Tribe' is derived from the Latin word 'tribes'. Earlier Romans used this term to designates the divisions in society. The tribes in India constitute approximate 9% part of the total population. It represents an element in Indian society which is integrated with the culture mosaic of our civilization. The present popular meaning of 'Tribe' in India refers to a category of people, included in the list of Scheduled Tribes. The term "Scheduled Tribes" First mention in "Government of India Act, 1935", than after it was included in the Constitution of India in 1950. The term Adivasi also applies to indigenous people of this area. Adivasi term firstly used by Amritlal Vithaldas Thakkar, popularly known as Thakkar Bapa.     Tribes are relatively isolated from larger cultural influences, have a relative cultural homogeneity and a simple technology. They believe in spirits, magic and witchcraft. They have their own taboos which prohibit certain actions that are punishable by the community, by the supernatural, or by magical consequences.   Characteristics of Tribes
• Geographical isolation or semi-isolation.
• Definite Common Topography.
• Unacculturated or partially acculturated into national society.
• Largely or entirely independent of the national economic system.
• Ethnic distinctiveness from the national society.
• Economic base tightly dependent on their specific environment.
• Distinct Political Organization.
• Rudimentary type of Religion.
• Distinct customs, rituals and beliefs.
• Sense of Unity.
• Endogamous Group.
• Common Dialect.
• Common Culture.
• Distinct political organizations.
• Ties bond-Relationship.
• There are 46 recognized Scheduled Tribes in Madhya Pradesh, three of which have been identified as 'Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Groups (PTGs) (formerly known as ?Special Primitive Tribal Groups'). The population of Scheduled Tribes (ST) is 21.1% of the state population (15.31 million out of 72.62 million), according to the 2011 census.
• Madhya Pradesh occupies 1st place from the Scheduled Tribe population point of view. As per census of 2011 the lowest population of scheduled tribe in the state is 613ti persons in Behind district while maximum population is in Dhar district (12,22814).
• According to the 2011 Census of India, Bhil is the most populous tribe with a total population of 4,618,068, constituting 37.7 per cent of the total ST population, Gond is the second largest tribe, with a population of 4,357,918 constituting 35.6 per cent. The, next four populous tribes are: Kol, Korku, Sahariya and Baiga. These six tribes constitute 92.2 per cent of the total ST population of the State.
• Pardhan, Saur and Bharia Bhumia have a population ranging from 105,692 to 152,472 together, they form 3.2 per cent.
• Four tribes, namely Manjhi, Khairwar, Mawasi and Panika having population in the range of 47,806 to 81,335 account for another 2.2 per cent of the ST population; remaining thirty three tribes (out of total of 46 tribes) along with the generic tribes constitute the residual 2.5 per cent of total ST population.
• According to census, 2011 more...

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