| National | animal | Bengal Tiger | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| National | flower | Indian Lotus | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| National | fruit | Mango | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Disaster
A disaster is a sudden, calamitous event that seriously disrupts the functioning of a community or society and causes human, material and economic or environmental losses that exceed the community's or society ability's to cope using its own resources.
10.1 Types of Disaster
Disaster can be divided into two types on the basis of origin: Natural disaster and human originated disasters.
10.1.1 Natural Disaster
These are major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the Earth e.g. floods, hurricanes, tsunamis volcanic eruption earthquakes truncations and other logic processes.
The severity of a disaster is measured in lives lost, economic loss and the ability of the population to rebuild.
Some natural disasters are as follow
Earthquake
These are usually caused when rock underground suddenly breaks along a fault. This sudden release of energy causes the seismic waves that make the ground shake. When two plates are rubbing each other earthquake occurs. Earthquake is measured in Richter scale (discovered by Dr Charles Richter in 1930). Following are the impact of earthquake
Impact on Human An earthquake may cause injury and loss of life, road and bridge damage, general property damage. And aftermath may bring diseases, lacks of basic necessities, mental consequences such as panic attacks, depression etc. In Nepal April 2015, earthquake killed nearly 9000 people and injured nearly 22000. It was of 7.8-8.1 on Richter scale.
Shaking and Ground Rupture This way result more of less severe damage to the buildings and other rigid structures. The severity is depend upon the complex combination of the earthquake magnitude and distance from the epicentre. Earthquake on 26th January, 2001 occurred in Kutch District of Gujarat, it was India's 52nd Republic Day at 8:46 AM. It is also called as Bhuj-earthquake. Magnitude of the earthquake was 7.7 on Richter scale. Earthquake magnitude higher than 6 on Richter scales are very dangerous
Landslides
Earthquake can produce slope instability leading to landslides.
Tsunami Tsunamis are long wavelength, long-period sea waves produced by the sudden of abrupt. Movement of large volumes of water including when an earthquake occurs at sea.
Generally, Tsunami arises at pacific ocean, where
Alaska, Japan, Philippines other islands of South-East Asia, Indonesia and Malaysia included.
Tsunami also occur in Myanmar, Sri Lanka and other coastal areas of India in Indian Ocean. On 26th
December, 2004 a magnitude 9.1 earthquake whose epicentre was located in Indonesia's, Sumatra coast recorded most powerful tsunami in history. It killed around 230000 people of 14 countries. India was also effected on the Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Southern coastal areas.
Volcano
It is a circular vent or fissure in Earth's crust through which lava, ash, rock and gases erupt. Volcanoes are found u three states extinct, dormant and active.
These are as follow
(i) Extinct Volcano An extinct volcano will never erupt again e.g. Mt Kulal in Kenya, Mt Buninayong in Australia.
(ii) Dormant Volcano more...
How We Make Things?
World is made up of various elements and matter. These are made up of molecules formed from atoms. Humans fulfil his requirements from the things available on
Earth. He changes the form of things according to his requirement and make them useful.
9.1 Things We Know
Almost everything that we use around us is the gift of science and technology. Be it fan, wheel, vehicle, cloth, paper, electricity, radio etc everything is the result of science and technology.
9.1.1 Matter
Everything in this universe is made up of material which is called as matter. Everything around us-air we breath, food, stones, clouds, stars, plants, water, animals, everything is made up of matter.
Characteristics of Matter
Characteristics of matter are given below
· Particles of matter have space between them. When we make nimbu paani (lemonade), coffee, particles of one type of matter get into the spaces between particles of the other, because of presence of space between them. This mixing of one type of matter to another type is because of 'diffusion'.
· Particles of matter are continuously moving because of presence of kinetic energy. With the rise of temperature particles move faster.
· Particles of matter, attract each other because of presence of force between them. This force keeps the-particles together. The strength of this force of attraction varies from one kind of matter to another.
States of Matter
Matter is present in three states, solid, liquid and gas. Variation in the characteristics of the particles of matter is cause of various states of matter. States of matter are given below
1. Solid States Solid state matter has a definite shape, distinct boundaries and fixed volumes. When outside force apply on solid they tend to maintain their shape. Solids may break under force, but it is difficult to change their shape, hence, they are rigid, e.g. brick, stone, ice etc.
2. Liquid States It is characterised by no fixed shape but fixed volume. They take up the shape of the container in which they are kept. Liquid flow and change shape, so they are not rigid but can be called fluid, e.g. water, milk, oil etc.
3. Gaseous States In gaseous state, both volume and shape are not fixed, e.g. air.
Water exist in all the three-states.
Classification of Matter
Matter can be classified as elements, compounds and mixtures.
1. Elements
Some substance are found to contain only one kind of atoms or molecules are called elements. Atom of each element has a definite mass, known as atomic mass.
Elements are classified as metals and non-metals
Metals
Metals mainly show following characteristics
· Metals, in their pure form have a shining surface.
·
Travel
Transportation is the movement from one location from another; this movement can be of goods, chemicals, medicines, animals and people for various reasons like travelling, economic activity and mobility. Economic growth of any nation has always dependent on better and rational transport system. Various transports mean consume major fossil fuels and create major air pollution. Air quality, global warming, ozone depletion, smog and acid rains are major issues that are caused increasing oxides of carbon and nitrogen. Transport is the fastest growing emission sector of these pollutants.
Travel or journey can be defined as movement of individual or group due to any specific purpose from one place to another. Term travel is used for movement of human being while term transport is used for movement of goods from one place to another.
People travel within the country as well as to other country. There are many reasons to travel, some of reasons are following
· Employment
· Educational purposes
· To avoid disaster
· Trade and business
· Pilgrimage
· Holiday
· Expedition
· Adventure etc.
India is vast and diverse country. Diversity of India can be defined in food habits, dressing, language, geography, agriculture, vegetation etc. Different kinds of geographic feature are found in India like hot deserts, cold deserts, mountains, plains, plateaus evergreen forests. etc. India is surrounded by neighbours like China, Myanmar, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri
Lanka, Pakistan and Afghanistan.
· At present, India has 29 States and 7 Union Territories, Jammu and Kashmir is the
· Northernmost state of India, Tamil Nadu is Southernmost state while Arunachal Pradesh is
· Easternmost and Gujarat is the Westernmost state of India.
· New Delhi is the capital city and Mumbai is called financial capital of India.
8.1 Means of Transport
The means of transport can be classified into four types. These are given below
8.1.1 Roadways
Road transport is the popular and suitable means of transport for short distance. Roads can be made up of cement, concrete, coaltar etc. This type of road is called pucca road while road made up of soil is called kutcha road. Road transport has unique specificity that it can go to doorstep of the house and it can be constructed in the difficult geographical terrain.
Road transport is best mode of transport-to-transport easily perishable food products like vegetables, fruits, milk etc.
Roads have been categorised into six categories in India
1. Golden more...
Shelter
Shelter
Shelter is basic need of life not only for humans but also for animals. Shelter provides security from harsh environment conditions and also from dangerous animals.
7.1 Shelter: Primary Need of Life
Shelter is one of the key element of survival along with food and water. Birds, animals, insects, humans, and all other organisms need shelter to survive. Shelter provides protection from weather and any other kind of danger. All organisms want to live independently, where they get enough food for survival and their children live safely. Shelter-is a strong base for living a clean and healthy life.
Shelter can be divided on the basis of need and its surroundings
7.1.1 Terrestrial Shelter
Terrestrial shelter are one that are found on land like forests, grasslands, deserts, shorelines and wetlands. Terrestrial shelter also include man made habitats, like, towns and cities and habitats that are under the Earth such as caves and mines. The kind of plants that grow in a terrestrial habitat and the kinds of animals that can live there, are most influenced by the amount of moisture that is in the soil or that comes down as rain or snow, how cold the area can be during winter, how many nutrients are available in the soil and whether or not the land is flooded with water.
Grassland
Grassland are areas where vegetation is dominated by grasses, flowers and hubs. Around one fourth area of Earth is covered by grassland. Latitude, soil and local climate determine what kind of plant grow in a particular grassland. A round due fourth of Earth's surface is covered by grassland.
Two types of grassland are as follow
1. Tropical Grassland
· It is located mainly between \[5{}^\circ -15{}^\circ 0\] North and
South of the equator. Annual rainfall is 20-50 inches/year, temperature is around \[64{}^\circ F,\] Tropical grassland are found in Central Africa Australia, Brazil and India.
· These remain hot throughout the year because they are near equator. These have distinctive 'dry and wet seasons. Grasses in this area have very deep roots. Mainly buffalo, rhino, giraffe, elephants, lions, jackals and wild dogs found in these areas.
2. Temperate Grassland
· Average rainfall is 20-35 inches a year. The amount of rainfall determines the height of grasses in the grassland. Temperate grassland mainly present in Europe, Asia and Polar region of South America. Vegetation in this regions is very limited, mainly lichen, mosses and very small shrubs are present.
· These vegetations develop during small summers.
Animals of this region have thick furs and skin to protect themselves from cold weather. Mainly seal, valrus, polar owl, polar bear, arctic fox are found in temperate grasslands.
Maize and wheat more...
Water
Water occupies a very large area of the Earth's surface, it is renewable resource which is essential for sustenance of life. Most of the water on Earth's surface is found in seas and oceans is saline in nature. Fresh water is found frozen in the ice-caps at the two poles and on snow covered mountains. The underground water and water in rivers, lakes and ponds is also fresh.
6.1 Sources of Water
Earth is called as 'blue planet' because of abundance of water of Earth. About 71% of Earth's surface is covered by water, which produce a blue colour reflection when viewed from space.
97.5% of Earth's water is present in oceans. Water also exists in air as water vapour, in rivers and lakes, in icecaps and glaciers. Only 2.5% water present on Earth is fresh water,
Percentage of Water on Earth
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