Current Affairs 2nd Class

LEARNING OBJECTIVES   This lesson will help you to:—
  • learn about numbers greater than 99.
  • study about ones, tens, hundreds of a number.
  • learn about the place value and expanded form of a number.
  QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW In the previous class, we have learnt about numbers upto 99. Let us now learn about numbers greater than 99. We know that 99 is the largest 2-digit number. When we add 1 in 99 it will become 100. 99+1 = 100 100 is the smallest 3 digit number.   BUILDING NUMBERS UPTO 200 Let us understand how to make numbers greater than 100 by taking following example: Raghu works in the post office, selling stamps. This is one stamp. This is a strip of 10 stamp.   This is a sheet of 100 stamp. On adding one more stamp to these 100 stamps it will become 101 stamps. This is how Raghu counts stamps more than one hundred. And we say this is one hundred one     \[100+1\xrightarrow{{}}101\,\,\begin{matrix}    H & T & O  \\    1 & 0 & 1  \\ \end{matrix}\]     2 more stamps in 100 stamps will form 102 and we say as one hundred two.     PLACE VALUE OF A NUMBER The value of a digit due to its position in a number is called its place value. Three digit numbers have three place values-ones, tens, hundreds.   We write it as 206 and read it as two hundred six. Let us take an example: 3 - This number has one digit 26 - This number has two digit 165 - This number has three digit Digits 3. 6, 5 in numbers 3, 26,165 are all in the ones place respectively. 2 in number 26 and 6 in number 165 are in the tens place. The place value of 2 in 26 is 20. 1 is in hundreds place in 165. The place value of 1 in 165 is more...

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:—
  • identify 2-Dimensional (2-D) shapes.
  • study the properties of 2-D shapes.
  • identify some of the 3-D shapes.
  • distinguish between straight and curved lines.
  QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW SHAPES When we look around, we find objects of different shapes. Some objects you also carry in your school bags. For example: pencil, pen lunch box, ruler etc.   Do you know their shapes? Let us discuss some of these shapes in detail. 1. You all must have played LUDO with your friends. Do you know shape of its dice? Dice is having shape of a cube. 2. Match box, that we use for lighting fire has a shape of a cuboid. 3. Cold drink cans have shape of a cylinder. 4. Ice-cream cones are having shape of a cone. 5. Football has a shape of a sphere. The shapes we have discussed above are 3-Dimensional shapes. These are also known as solid shapes. Flat shapes like circle, triangle, square and rectangle are also called 2 - Dimensional shapes. Now, observe how we can make 2-D (2-Dimensional) shapes from 3-D (3-Dimensional) shapes by simply using pencil. Whichever shapes you want to draw, put it on the paper and draw its lower bottom. The shapes thus formed are 2-D (2-Dimensional) shapes. Let us understand with the help of examples given below.   1. 2.   3.   4.     Rectangle A Rectangle has four sides. Two opposite?s sides are equal and all the four angles are also equal.   Square A Square has four sides. All the sides are equal Four angles are also equal.     Triangle It has sides and three and angles. Sides and angles can be different or equal.   Circle It has no sides and it is more...

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:
  • know about the different types of materials around us.
  • study about matter i.e., solid, liquid and gas.
  • learn about the properties of matter.
  QUICIC CONCEPT REVIEW Everything in this world is made up of some materials. All these materials occupy space and has some weight. The food you eat, the air you breathe in, the water you drink, your books and notebooks, all these are made up of material occupies and these are known as matter.   MATTER Anything which occupies space and has mass is known as matter. For example: Glass, bottle, bag, air, book, chair, tables etc.   STATES OF MATTER Matter is found in three states: Solid, liquid and gas SOLID: 1. Solid: Solids have fixed shape and size. For example: Wood, cloth, plastic, paper etc. 2. Liquid: Liquids do not have fixed shape, they take up the shape of container For example: water, milk, juices, and oil. 3. Gas: Gases spread out. Gases also have no fixed shape. Gases cannot be seen For example: oxygen, carbon dioxide, water vapour.   TYPES OF MATERIALS We see different types of objects around us. Each and every object is made up of different materials. For example: A cricket bat is made up of wood. A bicycle is made up of metal, furniture of my room are made up of wood, and candle is made up of wax. Shoes are made up of leather. Let us discuss more about these materials. (a) Paper: We obtained paper from trees. Paper is used to make many things such as: Notebooks, books, newspaper, magazines etc. We should not waste papers. (b) Wood: Wood is obtained from trees. Wood is used to prepare furniture at our home. Wood is very hard and cannot break easily.                         (c) Metal: Metal is very hard and cannot break easily. Metal is used to prepare many things such as trucks, buses, bicycles, artificial jewellery etc.   (d) Glass: Glass can break easily. Glass are used to make sunglasses, wall-clocks, mirror etc.     (e) Plastic: Plastic are unbreakable, they cannot break easily. Plastic are used to make lunch box, water bottles, toys, bucket etc.                      Some of these materials can be recycled and used again and again. These materials are known as recyclable material. For example: Wood, plastic, more...

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson -will help you to:
  • know about the fibres.
  • learn about different types of fibres.
  • study the fibres used for making clothes.
  • learn how to take care of the fibres.
  QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Long time ago, people use to wear clothes made from leaves and animal skin. But now a days we wear clothes made up of a cotton, silk, wool, nylon. These materials are known as fabrics which are made up of fibres.   Amazing Facts Silk is abtained from an insect, silkworm. Silkworm lays eggs on a specially prepared cloth.   FIBRES Let us study the fibres and their types. Clothes are usually made from threads. To make threads we use very thin thread like materials called fibres. Fibres are mainly of two types: 1. Natural fibres: Fibres that we get from plants and animals are called Natural fibres. For example: Cotton, jute, wool and silk are natural fibres. 2. Synthetic fibres: These fibres are not obtained from plants. They are prepared artificially. For example: Nylon, polyesters and rayon. These fabrics are stretchable, waterproof and wrinkle free.   Do you know? A cloth can be dyed with various colours. Certain patterns and designs are made on them to make them look beautiful.   NATURAL FIBRES
  • COTTON
Cotton is the most widely used fibre Cotton is obtained from cotton plant. Cotton is used to make shirts, trousers frocks, skirt, Saree etc.
  • JUTE
Jute is obtained from jute plant. It is used for making mats, rope, gunny bags etc.             Real life examples: We obtain cotton from cotton plant and wool from sheep. Rain coat gumboots, and umbrella are made up of waterproof material.
  • WOOL
Wool is a fibre obtained from the hair and fur of different animals like sheep, camel and goat. Wool is used in making sweaters, shawls, caps.    
  • SILK
Silk is the oldest fabric known to man. Silk is obtained from silkmoth. Silk is used to prepare sarees, shirts, tie etc.        SYNTHETIC FIBERS Synthetic fibres are obtained from the raw materials such as chemicals.   NYLON Nylon is a synthetic fibre. It is used to make clothes like saree. It is also used to more...

LEARNING OBJECTIVE This chapter will help you to:
  • identify different helpers of the society.
  • understand their role in community service.
  • study about famous personalities of the world.
  Do You Know? Child labour is a punishable offence. No child below 14 years can work at any teashop, factories, or homes   QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Every person has to do some work to earn money that becomes his job. Occupation is the job that a person does. Different people have different occupation. Some people work at our home and some at our neighborhood. These are many people who help us. In the last class we have studied that a farmer grow food grains cobbler mends our shoes. A plumber repairs the pipes in our kitchen and bathroom.   Real Life Example Agriculture is the most important occupation in India. More than 70% of India’s population depends on agriculture which includes growing crops, fruits and vegetables.   Let us now learn some more people who help us. Milkman: A milkman gives milk to our house early in the morning.                Teacher: We learn to read and write from our teacher in school. We learn good habits and good manners from them.    Dentist: Dentist is a doctor who takes care of our teeth and cavities.       Policeman: Mostly a police station in every area. They help to keep law and order and protect our life and property.     Fisherman: Fishing is the common occupation of people who live by the sea coast, ocean and river. Fish is an important source of food and oil.                           Shopkepper: A large number of people use to sell goods to the customers and are called shopkeepers.     Fireman: A fireman is a trained person who can put off fire in case our home. We can dial 101 to call fireman.                                          FAMOUS PORSONALIIES 1. APJ Abdul Kalam is an Indian scientist and who was the 11th President of India.          2. Narendra Modi is the 15th and current Prime Minister of India.                   more...

LEARNING OBJECTIVIES This lesson will help you to:
  • Study about air and its constituents.
  • Know the importance of air.
  • Learn about the sources and forms of water.
  QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW In the previous class, we have studied that air is necessary for our life. Air is present all around us. Air occupies space and it cannot be seen, only we can feel it. It gives shape to things. Let us study the components of air.   Do you know? Air contains 78% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and 1% other gases which contain carbon dioxide, water vapour etc.   AIR Air contains gases like nitrogen, oxygen carbon dioxide, dust, smoke and germs. Air contains water in the form of water vapour. Air has many characteristics. Let us discuss this in detail: 1. Air occupies space. 2. Air has weight. 3. Air exerts pressure. 4. Air carries smell. 5. Air can produce sound.                                  Air is all around us but we cannot see it. Have you noticed your hair is blowing? This is because of air. Moving air is called wind. When the wind blows gently, it is called breeze. It helps in drying clothes. When the wind blows very fast, it is called storm. A storm can damage your house.   A Storm can domage your house   WATER We all need water. Water is required for drinking, bathing, cooking, washing etc. Plants and animals need water. But do you know, where water comes from? We get water from rain. Rainwater is present in oceans, river, ponds, lake, ground water etc. Water has no fixed shape. It can take the shape of vessel in which it is kept.   Real life Example: Wind makes the wheel of wind- mill to otate which produces electricity.   FORMS OF WATER Have you noticed when water is heated in a kettle, steam comes out of it. Steam is the water vapour. Water is found in three forms. Solid (ice), liquid (water) and gas (water vapour) the process of changing the water into water vapour is known as evaporation. When water vapour gets cooled it becomes liquid (water). This process is called condensation. When water is cooled, it becomes ice. This process is known as freezing.           WATER CYCLE In this cycle, water from oceans, lakes and rivers more...

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This chapter will help you to:
  • learn about different types of food and their function.
  • know about the food we get from plants and animals.
  • Study about different types of houses.
  • Learn about different types of clothes we wear on different occasions.
  Historical Preview: In early times the early man used to eat raw food. Later on they produced fire by rubbing two rocks. It was after this that they started cooking their food.   QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW We cannot live without food, clothes and shelter. These are the basic necessities of life. Food gives us energy to work and play. We eat different types of food. Some food comes from plants and some from animals. Let us discuss about different types of food.   Amazing Facts Strawberries and Cashews are the only fruits that have their seeds on the outside unlike all other fruits which have their seeds inside. 1. ENERGY GIVING FOOD Energy giving food gives us energy to work and play. For example rice, wheat, bread give us energy. These contain carbohydrates     2. BODY BUILDING FOOD Body building food helps in building our body. For example Meat, milk, fish, cheese etc.     3. PROTECTS FOOD Protective food are the food which protects us from diseases. For example: fruits and vegetables. All type of food should be eaten in proper amount. Food which contains all the nutrients in equal amount is known as balanced diet.       FOOD FROM PLANTS We get fruits and vegetables from plants. We eat afferent parts of plants as food. For example: we eat the pool of radish, carrot, turnip, etc. We eat the stem of many plants as vegetables such as onion, potato, ginger. We eat the leaves of many plants like spinach, mint, and coriander. We eat flower of cauliflower, brocolli etc.   FOOD RFOM ANIMALS Animals such as cow, buffaloes, camel and goats give us milk. Milk is used to produce cheese, curd, sweets etc. Animals also give us meat and egg. We get honey from honeybee.   Do you know? Mango is know as the ‘King of fruits’. More than 1000 varieties of mangoes are grown in India.   SHELTER (HOUSE) A house is a place where we live together. It is a place where we eat, sleep and relax. It is a shelter which protects more...

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:
  • learn about good habits.
  • understand how accidents happen.
  • study how accidents can be avoided.
  • know about first aid and how to give medical help the injured person.
  Did you know? Injured peoples are carried to the hospitals in ambulance. Ambulance has all the necessary equipment’s that a patient might need.   QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Each one of us has some habits either good or bad. We should learn good habits. We go to school everyday to learn. Our teacher teaches us good habits. Let us study these habits.   GOOD HABITS
  • Take bath every day in the morning.
  • Brush your teeth twice after getting up in the morning and before going to the bed at night.
  • Exercise daily as it will keep your bones and muscles strong.
  • Wash your hand before and after eating food.
  • Comb your hair daily.
  • Do not bite your nails, use nail cutter to cut your nails.
  • Always cover your mouth and nose while sneezing and coughing.
  • Wash your hands after going to toilet.
  • We heard many news of accidents every day. Accidents cause harm to life and property. Accidents can be avoided if we follow safety rules at home, at school, in the playground and on the road.   SAFETY AT HOME Make your home a safe place. A person can slip and fall on a wet floor. To avoid such accidents:
    • keep the floor of your home clean and dry.
    • bathroom and Kitchen floor should not be slippery.
    • do not play with sharp things like scissor, blades, knife etc.
    • do not leave your toys and sharp items on the floor.
    • turn off the gas stove when you are not using the gas.
    • do not touch the electrical fittings with wet hand, you may get an electric shock.
    • do not touch table fans and electric heaters.
    • while giving medicine to any person, always check the date of expiry.
      Misconcept / Concept Misconcept: If you have a nose bleed, you should tilt your head back. Concept: Instead of doing this, tilt your head forword, pinch your nostrils shut and breathe through your mouth.   SAFETY AT SCHOOL In school, accidents can happen when children rush and push each other. To avoid accidents in school:
    • Do not run up and down on the stairs, you may fall and hurt yourself.
    • always go in more...

    LEARING OBJECTIVES     This chapter will help you to:
    • learn about the different types of activities i.e. indoor and outdoor activities.
    • know about the different types of festivals
    • celebrated in India.
    • study the importance of national festivals in India.
      Did you know? Hockey is the national game of India but cricket is most popular among Indians.   QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW After a long day at school, everyone wants to relax. This helps you to feel rested and happy. We do many activities that makes us feel happy and refreshed. Some of the activities are outdoor and some are indoor activities.   Misconcept:/Concept Misconcept: Playing games is wastage of time. Concept: Playing is very essential for the growth and development of our body.   OUTDOOR ACTIVITIES
    • The activities done outside our home or in an open space are called outdoor activities. For example: walking jogging, swimming, bicycle ride, skating, kite flying, khokho etc.
    • Outdoor activities meets the needs of physical health, self-sufficiency, risk taking as well as team building.
    Outdoor activities include water sports, snow sports, horse riding.                  
    • Outdoor activities also include outdoor games.
          Games keep us fit and healthy. Outdoor games include cricket, volley ball, football etc.
    • Cricket: Cricket is a bat-ball game between two teams of 11 players each on a field.
    • Volley Ball: Volley Ball is a team in which two teams of 6 players are separated by a net.
    • Football refers to a sports that involve kicking a ball with the foot to score a goal.
      Historical Preview Kite flying is a very popular game in India. Many people fly kites on 15th August every year to celebrate independence.   INDOOR ACTIVITIES The activities which are done inside our home   are called indoor activities. Being stuck inside doesn't have to mean being bored. You can play finger game, memory game, science experiment etc. Indoor activities are undertaken on the comfort of one's home. Hobbies are a part of indoor activities. Hobbies provide a great way to escape the pressure and the stress of the day. For example: Painting, Stamp collection. Book reading. Indoor activities includes indoor games such as Chess, ludo, snakes and ladder etc. Chess: It is a 2-player board game more...

    LERNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:
    • know about the famous places of India.
    • study about the climate of different places of India.
    • learn about the national symbols of India.
      QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW India is the most beautiful country in the world In India there are mountains, hills, rivers, seas etc. India is the seventh largest country in the world. Let us learn more about our country.   FAMOUSE PLACES IN INDIA There are many famous places in India. There Are 29 states in India and Delhi is the capital of India. Delhi very hot in summer and cold in winter.   DELHI Tourists from all over the world come every year to visit daces like Qutub Minor, India Gate, Jantar Mantar, Red Fort, and International Museums. There are many places of worship in belhi such as Akshardham temple, Lotus Temple, Biria Mandir and many more.                             Akshardham   OTHER METRO CITIES IN INDIA MUMBAI Mumbai is one of the four metro cities in India. Mumbai is warm and humid in summer. It is not very cold in winter. People who live in Mumbai speak ‘Marathi’. Ganesh chaturthi is the most popular festival celebrated here. The most famous tourist spots in Mumbai are Gateway of India', Marine Drive and the most popular Essel World. Famous cricketer and filmstars live in Mumbai. Mumbai is also famous for beaches such as Juhu Chaupati, Marine Drive and Versova.                 Gateway of India   KOLKATA Kolkata is known as the "city of joy". Kolkata is situated along the bank of river 'Hugli'. The main festival of Kolkata is 'Durga Puja. The climate of Kolkata is neither too hot nor too cold. People of Kolkata speak 'bengali’. The famous places of Kolkata are Victoria Memorial, Biria Planeterium, Rabindra, Sarovar, Science City. Rice and fish is the main food of Kolkata. 'Rasogulla's the famous bengali sweet.                           Victoria Memorial   CHENNAI Chennai is known as the "city of temples". Chennai is warm throughout the year. 'Pongal’ is the main festival celebrated here. Chennai is an important tourist centre. The main attraction of the city is the 'Marina Beach’, War Memorial, Gandhi Mandapam, Vivekanand Museum etc. Bharatnatyam is a famous dance of Chennai.   more...


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