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Current Affairs 7th Class

PARAGRAPH COMPLETION

 PARAGRAPH COMPLETION   DEFINITION Paragraph Completion has been an important component of the verbal section. For those who have not had any encounter with paragraph completion in the past, it refers to the question type where a paragraph is given and a sentence from the given paragraph is removed (In most of the cases, the last sentence is removed). All you have to do is to complete the paragraph i.e., you have to choose the option which completes the given paragraph in the best manner from the given options. Solving Passage Completion questions is all about how much one can comprehend from the given paragraph. The more you understand the paragraph, the easier it becomes for you to solve the question. It becomes easier for you to solve these types of questions if you are a good reader. Go through the paragraph and try to catch the essence of the paragraph. Figure out what the paragraph is all about. Try to understand the keywords used in the passage. Some Important Pointers to keep in mind while solving a PC question There are no pre-defined formulaes to solve Passage Completion type questions. But there are some important points we need to remember while solving them. (1) Find the essence of the passage Once you are able to find it, Passage Completion would become an easy affair. (2) Notice the tone of the passage Think about it. If an author is being sarcastic in his writing, wouldn't it be logical to choose the option which has sarcasm in it? Remember however that there might be multiple options that comply with the author's tone. Hence, always keep in mind that Tone is Important but not the only criteria. (3) Do not pick an option that brings an external idea Never pick an option which talks about things that are not mentioned in the paragraph. The correct option will be the one which relates itself to the core information mentioned in the paragraph. (4) Reject the options that are contradictory Whenever you see an option which contradicts the idea of passage, eliminate it. (5) Maintain the flow of the paragraph Always make sure you are maintaining the flow of ideas in the passage. Never pick an option which breaks or suddenly changes the flow to some other direction. (6) Pay Special Attention to the line before the blank The line before the blank pays an important role in PC. Sometimes, the correct option is the one which is in agreement with that line. So it would be wise if one also pays close attention to what that line is talking about.
Catgeory: 7th Class

SITUATION REACTION TEST

 SITUATION REACTION TEST   DEFINITION Situation Reaction Tests (SRTs) are a type of psychological test which present the test-taker with realistic, hypothetical scenarios and ask the individual to identify the most appropriate response or to rank the responses in the order they feel is most effective. SRTs can be presented to test-takers through a variety of modalities, such as booklets, films, or audio recordings. SRTs represent a distinct psychometric approach from the common knowledge-based multiple choice item. SRTs tend to determine behavioural tendencies, assessing how an individual will behave in a certain situation, and knowledge instruction, which evaluates the effectiveness of possible responses. These tests could also reinforce the status quo with an organization. Unlike most psychological tests SRTs are not acquired 'off-the-shelf, but are in fact designed as a bespoke tool, tailor-made to suit the individual role requirements. This is because SRTs are not a type of test with respect to their content, but are a method of designing tests. The validity of the test corresponds to the types of questions being asked. Knowledge instruction questions correlate more highly with general mental ability while behavioural tendency questions correlate more highly with personality. Students' knowledge of interpersonal behaviour showed progressive validity over cognitive factors for predicting academic and post academic success. There are many problems within scoring SRTs. "Attempts to address this issue include expert-novice differences, where an item is scored in the direction favouring the experts after the average ratings of experts and novices on each item are compared; expert judgment, where a team of experts decides the best answer to each question; target scoring, where the test author determines the correct answer; and consensual scoring, where a score is allocated to each option according to the percentage of people choosing that option." No special training, knowledge, or experience is required in order to take this type of test. A candidate's answers should draw on general knowledge and life experience only. During the test it is important that you read each scenario and each possible response, before answering the question or assigning rankings. The first option available may seem very sensible, but it is important to avoid assigning any rankings until you have considered each option carefully. For example, the last option available may be an even more sensible option and the most effective response. Bear in mind that you are not being asked to judge if an option is right or wrong, just to evaluate which is the best (and worst) option available to you from those provided. For questions that ask you to rank responses in number order, it is important to note that the ranking is relative. All the available options may be effective, or they may all be ineffective. It is your job to decide on the relative rank, rather than to decide if each option is right or wrong. Use only the information provided in the question. Do not make assumptions during the SRTs.   Tips for Situation Reaction Test:
Catgeory: 7th Class

SYNONYMS & ANTONYMS/HOMONYS & HOMOPHONES

SYNONYMS & ANTONYMS This is another very important of the vocabulary section. This section tests widely and exhaustively one’s knowledge of the language and word power, but goes beyond that to test your ability to remember words with similar meanings or opposite meanings. Or, alternately, to discover the similarity or proximity between the meaning of the given word with one of those in the options.   STRATEGY-1 If you do not know the meaning of the word, think of context in which you might have used it, that may help you to figure out the meaning, for example, in the question find the word nearest in meaning to   MAGNIFY (a) Forgive (b) diminish (c) swell (d) extract Now if you do not know what magnify means think of a magnifying glass and what it does. It expands or makes a thing look bigger. So the right answer will be (c).   STRATEGY-2 If you cannot find a correct antonym in the given option think of the antonyms you know of and subsequently check if there is any word in the given options which is synonymous to the antonyms in your mind. For example   INDUSTRIOUS (a) stupid (b) harsh (c) indolent (d) complex. If you don’t know any of the words given as options think of antonyms you could think of, like lazy, idle. Now think of synonyms of lazy and you will know indolent is a synonym of lazy. So it will be the antonym to industrious. Formula SYNONYM of ANTONYM is another ANTONYM.   STRATEGY-3 Look at the part of speech of the given verb. A word may exist in various parts of speech. For example precipitate exists a verb which means send rapidly into a certain state and also as a noun, precipitate, which means a substance deposited from a solution.   POLISH (a) ruthlessness                   (b) honesty (c) indolence                        (d) gaucheness   Now is this the verb polish or noun polish. Since all options are nouns, this cannot be the verb polish related to shoes but noun polish which means culture and sophistication and the antonym to this would be gaucheness.   HOMONYMS AND HOMOPHONES A homonym is a word that has different meanings. In the strict sense, one of a group of words that share the same spelling and pronunciation but have different meanings. Homonyms also called homophones are words that sound like one another but have different meanings. Some homonyms are spelled the same, like, bark the sound a dog makes and bark- the outer layer of tree trunk. Some homonyms are spelled differently, like one (the number) and won (having been victorious). Homonym and homophone both include words that are pronounced alike and have different spellings, and also words that are spelled alike and have different meanings. Homonyms, or multiple meaning words, are words that share the same spelling and the same pronunciation but have different meanings. For example, bear.
  • A bear (the animal) can bear (tolerate) very more...
Catgeory: 7th Class

ANALOGY AND CLASSIFICATION

ANALOGY & CLASSIFICATION   An analogy is a comparison in which an idea or a thing is compared to another thing that is quite different from it. It aims at explaining that idea or thing by comparing it to something that is familiar. Metaphors and similes are tools used to draw an analogy Therefore, analogy is more extensive and elaborate than either a simile or a metaphor.   Consider the following example: "Structure of an atom is like a solar system. Nucleus is the sun and electrons are the planets revolving around the sun."    Here an atomic structure is compared to a solar system by using "like". Therefore, it is a simile. Metaphor is used to relate the nucleus to the sun and the electrons to the planets without using words "like" or "as'. Hence, similes and metaphors are employed to develop an analogy. Examples of analogy from everyday life We use analogy in our everyday conversation. Some common analogy examples are given below:
  • Life is like a race. The one who keeps running wins the race and the one who stops to catch a breath loses.
  • Just as a sword is the weapon of a warrior, a pen is the weapon of a writer.
  • How a doctor diagnoses diseases is like how a detective investigates crimes.
  • Just as a caterpillar comes out of its cocoon, so we must come out of our comfort zone.
  • You are as annoying as nails on a chalkboard.
Writers use analogies to link an unfamiliar or a new idea with common and familiar objects. It is easier for you to comprehend a new idea, which may have been difficult for them to understand otherwise. Your comprehension of a new idea picks up the pace when you observe its similarity to something that is familiar to them. In addition, by employing this literary tool, writers catch the attention of their readers. Analogies help increase readers interest as analogies help them relate what they read in their life.   ANALOGY KINDS Opposites Analogies Opposites are exactly as the word suggests things that are opposite to each other. This is a common analogy type which you will encounter pretty often and since words have only one opposite this is a straightforward type which does not leave much room for discussion. Examples: crying & laughing, fire & water, question & answer, etc.   Object and Related Object Analogies As shown the words mentioned in the example are all related to each other in some way or another. Be careful not to confuse this type of analogy with the "things that go together" analogy type which is described below. The related object in this "object and related object" analogy is an obvious relation however the object are not inseparably intertwined to one another like for example a knife and a fork. The objects in this analogy type have a relation to one another however; the correct relation should be determined by looking at the concerning more...
Catgeory: 7th Class

ONE WORD SUBSTITUTIONS, SPELLING, PUNCTUATION AND JUMBLED WORD

ONE WORD SUBSTITUTION, SPELLING, PUNCUATION AND JUMBLED WORD   One Word Substitution ‘One Word Substitution' as the phrase indicates itself is the word that replaces group of words or a full sentence effectively without creating any kind of ambiguity in the meaning of the sentences. Like the word- Autobiography, can be used in place of the sentence 'The life story of a man written by himself. It is very important to write precisely and speak in a single word. Generally, we speak or write in a garrulous way. But, it is seen that precise words are always understood easily by all. At times we become verbose which is not required and we are required to talk or speak precisely. This not only makes the language easily comprehensible but also makes it beautiful. The other way, we can say that these words are used to bring an effect of compression in any kind of writing. In English language there are a lot of single words for a group of words that can be used effectively to make the writing to the point, that too without losing the meaning of the context.   SPELLING There are some tricky English words, like necessary. Mediterranean, or rhythm whose spelling you just have to learn. But plenty of others do follow special rules. Here are some straightforward guidelines to help you with the spelling of everyday words:   PLURALS OF NOUNS Most nouns make their plurals by simply adding -s to the end (e.g., cat/cats, book/books, journey/journeys). Some do change their endings, though. Nouns ending in –y If the noun ends with a consonant plus -y, make the plural by changing -y to -ies:
Singular Plural
berry berries
activity activities
da is y da is ies
  If the noun ends with- ch, -s, -sh, -x, or –z, adds –es to form the plural.    
Singular Plural
church churches
bus buses
fox foxes
             There's one exception to this rule. If the –ch ending is pronounced with a 'k' sound, you add -s rather than -es: more...
Catgeory: 7th Class

IDIOMS AND PHRASES/PROVERBS

 IDIOMS AND PHRASES / PROVERBS    IDIOMS The term refers to a set expression or a phrase comprising two or more words. An interesting fact regarding the device is that the expression is not interpreted literally. The phrase is understood as to mean something quite different from what individual words of the phrase would imply. Alternatively, it can be said that the phrase is interpreted in a figurative sense. We can say that idiom is a word or phrase which means different from its literal meaning. These are common phrases or terms whose meaning are not real, but can be understood by their popular use. It is very necessary to use idioms properly; otherwise it will bring no sense. Some idioms are only used by some groups of people or at certain times. The idiom shape up or ship out, which is like saying improve your behaviour or leave if you don't, might be said by an employer or supervisor to an employee, but not to other people. Idioms are made of normal words that have a special meaning known by almost everyone. To learn a language a person needs to learn the words in that language, and how and when to use them. But people also need to learn idioms separately because certain words together or at certain times can have different meanings. To know the history of an idiom can be useful and interesting, but is not necessary to be able to use the idiom properly For example most native British English speakers know that "No room to swing a cat" means "there was not a lot of space" and can use the idiom properly, but few know it. A better understanding of an idiom is that it is a phrase whose meaning cannot be understood from the dictionary definitions of each word taken separately.   Example "Every cloud has its silver lining but it is sometimes a little difficult to get it to the mint." The statement quoted above uses "silver lining" as an idiom which means some auspicious moment is lurking behind the cloud or the difficult time.   FUNCTIONS OF IDIOM The purpose behind this vast use of idioms is to ornate their language, make it richer and spicier and help them in conveying subtle meanings to their intended audience. Not only do idioms help in making the language beautiful, they also make things better or worse through making the expression good or bad. They are at times work exact and more correct than the literal words and sometimes a few words are enough to replace a full sentence. They help the writer make his sense clearer than it is, so that he could convey maximum meanings through minimum words and also keep the multiplicity of the meanings in the text intact. It has also been seen that idioms not only convey subtle meanings but also convey a phenomenon that is not being conveyed through normal and everyday language and also they keep the balance more...
Catgeory: 7th Class

CONTEXTUAL USAGE

CONTEXTUAL USAGE   One of the difficulties in learning English language is the vocabulary. Although the words may seem simple enough to memorize, the contextual use of these words proves to be quiet challenging at times. Did you ever find yourself in a conversation where you have no idea what the other person is saying? May be it's the person at the car repair place using words like 'carburetor' or 'camshaft,' and you just nod your head and wait for the price. Or maybe you're taking a test, and you're supposed to analyze a passage. But there are certain words in the passage you are unable to understand. You have no access to a dictionary. What do you do? Well, we're not going to teach your car terminology. It's all about determining the meaning of the word by using context. Context refers to the other words and sentences around the word in question. There are several methods for using context to figure out what words mean. The first is to look and see if the definition of the word is right there. This can also be a restating of the word. Consider this sentence: 'While planning the party, Reshma was prudent with the guest list, acting with great caution and care not to invite anyone with whom she wouldn't want to jump around in a bounce house.' What does 'prudent' mean? In this sentence, the definition of the word is right there. Who is being prudent? Reshma. With what? The guest list. You don't need to know what prudent means to figure that out. And how else is Reshma's behaviour with the guest list described? She's acting with great caution and care. So what's the definition of prudent? Acting with great caution and care. Other times, you'll see examples that help explain the word in question. This is very similar to finding the definition. Look at this sentence: 'Ravi procrastinated to avoid his homework all day, watching TV, playing video games and even writing thank you cards to his grandparents.' What does 'procrastinate' mean? This time, it's not defined elsewhere in the sentence. But we do have examples of what it means. We know that watching TV, playing video games and writing thank you cards are all forms of procrastination. If Ravi should be doing his homework, but he's doing these other things instead, then procrastination must mean delaying or putting off. Now, those examples helped us figure it out.   WHAT IS CONTEXTUAL PASSAGE? The contextual passage test in problem solving assessment (PSA) is aimed to assess children's different aspects of written communication of English language that include word spelling, grammar, idioms and phrases, spot the error, one word substitution, sentence improvement, English comprehension etc. The contextual passage tests evaluate basic spelling, grammar and punctuation. Literacy knowledge and skills are essential to effective communication across all learning areas. These passage tests focus on the use and knowledge of contextual passage in written Standard British English. These skills are essential more...
Catgeory: 7th Class

NOUNS/ PRONOUNS/VERBS/ ADVERBS

NOUNS / PRONOUNS / VERBS / ADVERBS   Nouns A noun is a word that identifies:
  • a person (woman, boy, doctor, neighbour)
  • a thing (dog, building, tree, country)
  • an idea, quality, or state (truth, danger, birth, happiness).
There are several different types of nouns, which are as follows:   COMMON NOUN A common noun is a noun that refers to people or things in general, e.g., boy, country, bridge, city, birth, day, happiness.   PROPER NOUN A proper noun is a name that identifies a particular person, place, or thing, e.g., Rohit, Africa, Tower Bridge, London, Monday. In written English, proper nouns begin with capital letters.   CONCRETE NOUN A concrete noun is a noun which refers to people and to things that exist physically and can be seen, touched, smelled, heard, or tasted. Examples include, dog, building, tree, rain, beach, tune, Tower Bridge.   ABSTRACT NOUN An abstract noun is a noun which refers to ideas, qualities, and conditions - things that cannot be seen or touched and things which have no physical reality, e.g., truth, danger, happiness, time, friendship, humour.   COLLECTIVE NOUNS Collective nouns refer to groups of people or things, e.g., audience, family, government, team, jury. Collective nouns can usually be treated as singular or plural, with either a singular or plural verb. Both the following sentences are grammatically correct:              The whole family was at the table.              The whole family were at the table. A noun may belong to more than one category. For example, happiness is both a common noun and an abstract noun, while Tower Bridge is both a concrete noun and a proper noun.   COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS Nouns can be either countable or uncountable. Countable nouns (or count nouns) are those that refer to something that can be counted. Uncountable nouns (or mass nouns) do not typically refer to things that can be counted and so they do not regularly have a plural form. PRONOUNS Pronouns are used in place of a noun that has already been mentioned or that is already known, often to avoid repeating the noun. For example: Rita was tired so she went to bed. Kiran sent the children with him. Rajat's face was close to mine. That is a good idea. Anything might happen.   PERSONAL PRONOUNS Personal pronouns are used in place of nouns referring to specific people or things, for example /, me, mine, you, yours, his, her, hers, we, they, or them. They can be divided into various different categories according to their role in a sentence, as follows:
  • subjective pronouns
  • objective pronouns
  • possessive pronouns
  • reflexive pronouns
SUBJECTIVE PRONOUNS The personal pronouns /, you, we, he, she, it, we, and they are known as subjective pronouns because they act as the subjects of verbs: She saw Manjula. We drove Rakesh home. I waved at her.   OBJECTIVE PRONOUNS                                   The personal pronouns me, you, us, him, her, it, and them are called objective pronouns more...
Catgeory: 7th Class

ADJECTIVES/ ARTICLES/ PREPOSITIONS/ CONJUNCTIONS

 ADJECTIVES/ ARTICLES/ PREPOSITIONS/ CONJUNCTIONS   ADJECTIVES              An adjective is a word that describes a noun, giving extra information about it.              For example:              a sweet taste              a red apple              a technical problem              an Italian -woman   POSITIONS OF ADJECTIVES Most adjectives can be used in two positions: attributive adjectives occur before the noun they describe while predicative adjectives are used after certain verbs:              a black cat                              [attributive]              The cat was black.            [predicative]   Comparative and superlative adjectives Most adjectives have three forms: the positive (e.g. sad), the comparative (e.g. sadder and the superlative [e.g. saddest). The formation of comparative and superlative adjectives (and adverbs) is known as comparison.   Gradable and non-gradable adjectives Most adjectives are gradable. This means that you can modify (strengthen, weaken, or otherwise change) their meanings by placing one or more adverbs in front of them (e.g. a very expensive car). Non-gradable adjectives are those with meanings which cannot be modified by adverbs (e.g., western electric) Qualitative and classifying adjectives Adjectives can also be divided into two other types:
  • Qualitative adjectives describe the qualities of someone or something (e.g. tall, long, hot)
  • Classifying adjectives are used to put people or things into categories or classes (e.g. Weekly, northern external)
ARTICLES An article belongs to the group of words called determiners. There are two types of article: the definite article and the indefinite article. Articles in English are complicated, and there are many rules for their use. However, learning a few general article about the use of the articles is helpful; the logic of these rules can be transferred to most uses of the article. In addition to learning the rules, you can gain a good working use of the articles through reading and listening. TABLE OF ARTICLES
Singular Plural
stomach stomachs
epoch epochs
Number Indefinite Definite
Singular a/an the
Plural nothing the
Non-Count nothing the
  Quick Hints              a before consonants (a book)              an before vowels (an exam)
  • Pronunciation is what matters.
             an hour ('h' is silent and it's pronounced: an our)
  • Temporary illnesses: (I have a headache, a cold, a fever, a backache)
  • "The" with superlative forms (He is the smartest kid I have seen.)
             Some Rules using Articles Singular count nouns:
  • indefinite: use 'a'
  • definite: use "the"
more...
Catgeory: 7th Class

VOICES AND NARRATIONS

 VOICES AND NARRATIONS   Voices Depending on the way in which you word a sentence, a verb can be either active or passive. When the verb is active, the subject of the verb is doing the action, as in these examples: France                      beat Brazil in the final. [subject]                 [active verb] More than 300 million people speak Spanish. [subject]                 [active verb] Ravi                           will take the matter forward. [subject]                 [active verb] When the verb is passive, the subject undergoes the action rather than doing it: Brazil         was beaten by France in the final. [subject]                 [passive verb] Spanish   is spoken by more than 300 million people worldwide. [subject]                 [passive verb] The matter             will be taken forward by Ravi. [subject]                 [passive verb]   Here, the sentences' points of view have changed: Brazil, Spanish, and the matter have become the subjects of the passive verbs was beaten, is spoken, and mil be taken. In the first example, you can see that the subject of the active verb (France) does not appear in the corresponding passive version of the sentence. In the other two passive examples, the former subjects of the active verbs {more than 300 million people; Ravi) are now introduced with the word 'by'. The person or thing in a passive sentence that does or causes something is called the agent: more than 300 million people and Ravi are the agents of the second and third passive examples. These two different ways of using verbs are known as voices. In everyday writing, the active voice is much more common than the passive. The passive tends to be used in formal documents such as official reports or scientific papers, often where an action or situation is regarded as more significant than who or what did or caused it:  The results were published in the Journal of the American Medical Association. A fair grading system was found to be important to all students.   PASSIVE VERB FORMS The passive is formed with tenses of the auxiliary verb 'to be' and the past participle of the main verb. Here is a table showing the passive forms for most English verbs:  
Tense Passive Example
present simple am/are/is+ past participle He is taken to school by his mother.
present continuous am/are/is being+ past participle They are being bullied.
present perfect have/has been+ past participle more...
Catgeory: 7th Class

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