Current Affairs 3rd Class

Flower

Flower Flowers are found in wide varieties of colours like red, orange, yellow, white, violet etc. Rose, jasmine, marigold, sunflower all are flowers.

Flower is very important part of the plant. It changes into fruits that contains seed in it, which, on getting proper condition of warmth and moisture, germinates into a new plant. Look at the following picture of the parts of a flower:

Which one of the following parts of the plant grows into fruit? (a) Stem (b) Root (c) Flower (d) Leaf (e) All of these Answer: (c) Explanation On maturity petals and sepals dries out and ovary changes into fruit, which contains seed that gives rise to new plant on getting proper condition. Therefore, option (c) is correct and rest of the options is incorrect.

Which one of the following is a flower used as vegetable?

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) All of these Answer: (c) Explanation Tomato and brinjal are fruits, cabbage is leaf and broccoli is flower. Therefore, option (c) is correct and rest of the options is incorrect.

Catgeory: 3rd Class

Fruits

Fruits Ovary changes into fruit after fertilization. Generally plants store food in their fruits. Fruits are the source of vitamins, proteins, carbohydrates and minerals. They make our meal delicious. Fruits contain seeds which give rise to new plants. Look at the different types of fruits in picture given below:

Seed Look at the following picture of different types of seeds:

Seeds are present in fruits. Many fruits contain one seed in it, for example mango. Whereas fruits like papaya, water melon, pomegranate have many seeds in it. Seeds of such fruits are not edible. But we eat seeds of some fruits that are edible and help in the growth and development of our body. These seeds are cereals, pulses, spices like wheat, maize, rice pea, beans, groundnut, mustard, black pepper etc. Orchid’s plants have smallest seed. Some seeds are very poisonous for human and animals. Seeds of many plants are rich in oil, which serves as a good source of fat used in food. These seeds are obtained from sunflower, mustard, peanuts, soybean, sesame etc.

Process of Seed Germination Seed on getting air, warmth, moisture, soil and sunlight germinates. During germination roots grows downwards and shoot grows upwards, forming shoot system. Baby plant is called seedling. It uses the food stored in the seed. Seedling grows into sapling and sapling grows into plant. Plant produces seed on maturity and this process goes on. Look at the following picture of seed germination process:

Ayush likes to eat coconut. Which part of plant does he eat? (a) Flower (b) Fruit (c) Leaves (d) Seed (e) Stem Answer: (d) Explanation Coconut is an edible seed. Therefore, option (d) is correct and rest of the options is incorrect.

The following figure is the product of which one of the following types of plants?

(a) Herbs (b) Shrubs (c) Tree (d) All of these (e) None of these Answer: (c) Explanation Mango is a fruit that grows into a tree. Therefore option (c) is correct and rest of the options is incorrect.

How Plant is Useful to Animals Plants clean the environment by taking in carbon dioxide and giving out oxygen. Plants help in returning water to the environment through the process of transpiration. Plants serve as the source of food to the animals. Roots of plants hold the top layer of the soil and stop it from blowing away. Plants provide home to many organisms like squirrels, birds, snake etc. more...

Catgeory: 3rd Class

Geometry

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:—

Understand different shapes, space and pattern.
Identify and recognize different shapes, spaces and pattern.
Identify edges, corners and faces in the given shape.
Describe the various 2-E) shapes by counting their sides/corners and diagonals.
Understand the basic concept of geometry.
Learn about rays and lines.

Amazing Facts

The tangram is an old Chinese puzzle, consisting of a square broken up into various geometrical shapes.
In south of India people make rangoli or kolam in front of main doors of their houses which are patterns of curved and straight lines.
Jalebi, famous sweet of north India is an open figure

QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Yesterday it was Anu's Birthday. She hosted had a wonderful party. She got number of presents from her family and friends, packed in beautiful boxes of various shapes. The presents included delicious chocolates which were beautifully packed in round box. Her aunt gifted her doll house which was wrapped in rectangular box. She got a teddy bear from her uncle packed in a large square box. The birthday cake was a chocolate cake in star shape. All the friends in the party wore cone shaped birthday caps and looked cute.

Anu's mother served delicious round shaped burger, spiral shaped past a (fusili) and cylindrical shaped spring rolls to her friends. There were also potato chips and crescent shaped croissants. Finally sweet spheres or 'rasgullas' were served.

We played many paper games. Anu's mother distributed square shaped construction sheets to everyone and asked them to fold the sheet according to given instructions. She told them that a square sheet had four corners and four sides. She asked them to fold the paper in such a way that it should get five corners, six corners, seven corners and eight corners consecutively. The one who is going to finish first would win a prize. They played the same game with triangular paper too.

Later Anu's mother-asked one minute quiz from kids. It was about the number of faces, number of edges and number of corners in given shapes. Sia was asked that "How many edges are there in a pencil box?. Sia answered. "The edge is where two faces meet and pencil box has twelve edges'. The question to Rina was "How many faces are there in a book?'. Rina replied 'The surface of the solid shape is called its face, hence book has two faces. The quiz master more...

Catgeory: 3rd Class

Patterns

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:

understand patterns in numbers and alphabet.
use tables, graphs and pictures to represent a pattern situation.
analyze and develop strategies to extend patterns.
interpret solutions to given patterns by logical reasoning.

REAL LIFE EXAMPLES

The pattern on a chessboard is an 8 x 8 grid and has 64 squares.
The traffic light follows a pattern of Red, Yellow, Green, so that the traffic is organized and avoids

AMAZING FACTS

The whisker patterns in lions are unique to each individual lion. They are used to identify individual lions in the population.
The migratory birds fly in a V shape pattern so that they can all reach the destination faster. It reduces the air resistance that each bird feels with respect to the bird flying alone.

QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW A pattern is a repetitive design. Patterns can be observed everywhere around us.

A pattern can be formed using numbers, alphabet, shapes or colors. It represents a situation/thing in a more organized and pleasing manner. PROPERTIES OF A PATTERN

A pattern will have a logical sequence.
A pattern follows a rule that allows determining what comes/next in the sequence.

For example: A, B, B, A, B, B, A, B......... In the example above, the alphabet A is followed by the alphabet B two times and hence forms a pattern. For example;

In the example above, the first term has 1 line, the second term has 2 lines, the 3rd term is a triangle formed by 3 lines, the 4th term is a rectangle formed by four lines and hence forms a pattern. The next term in the pattern above will be a pentagon formed with 5 lines.

The terms of a pattern should be analyzed to develop a relation between them and predict the next term in the sequence. HISTORICAL PREVIEW

Pythagoras saw connection between numbers and music. He observed a pattern between notes produced by strings to their lengths.

GAMES

All the friends should have string and beads of different colors. Each player has to make 2 necklace using beads. The beads should from two different patterns in the necklace. Our who is not able more...

Catgeory: 3rd Class

Data Handling

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:

collect data from different sources.
record data using tally marks.
prepare tables for recording data.
represent data in terms of pictograph choosing appropriate unit for displaying data.
represent data in terms of bar charts choosing appropriate scale for displaying data.
recognize patterns in the data.
draw conclusions from the data by discussing with teacher.

Real Life Examples

A pictograph represents data in the form of pictures, objects or pars of objects and helps us to answer questions on the data at a glance.
Pictographs helps us to represent different types of sales of a store with the help of images, for example, shoe sales, TV sales, phone sales, computer sales, etc.
A bar graph would allow you to display population of several different countries at one time.
Data Handling is widely used in collection of scores of students in various exams and marking ranks to the students.

ORGANIZATION OF DATA Once we have some information / data, the next step is to get results from it. This can be done by arranging it. To make sense of the gathered information. It has to be organized and put into tables. We can make a tables by using a picture for each. Such an arrangement is called as. Pictograph. Example of a pictograph Number of people with their favorite fruit can be shown using chart as given below;

Number of students with their favorite ice cream can be shown using a bar chart as given below:

For gathered information to make sense it has to be organized and put into tables.
Two ways of representing information are tally marks and pictographs.
Pictographs are exciting and simple as they show information with the help of pictures or symbols.
In pictograph. One symbol can be used to represent more than one item for example.

When the number for each category is quite large drawing picture is not easy. To solve this problem we draw bars to represent numbers. These bars are called as Tally Marks.

To represent numbers tally marks are used in the following way

We represent 1 by I

We represent by \[\cancel{||||}\]I

We represent by II

more...

Catgeory: 3rd Class

Time and Calendar

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:—

understand the concept of time.
read the clock time to the nearest hour.
read a calendar to find a particular day and date.

Real life Examples

Knowledge of time and calendar helps us to form time table in school.
Keeping a track of time prevents us from getting late for work.
Knowledge of calendar helps us record important dates like birthdays, anniversaries, holidays, etc.
Time helps us to organize our tasks so that we can manage them properly.
Calendar helps in maintaining appointments.
Clocks help us to set alarms, to wake up in the morning and get ready for school or office.

QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW

1. A clock helps us in knowing time. In a clock there are three needles or hands- 'hour' hand, 'minute' hand, and "second" hand The shortest hand is 'hour' hand. The longest hand is 'minute' hand. The thinnest hand which is moving very fast which is the "second" hand. Look at the picture given below:

In order to read the clock, look at the hour hand first and then look at the minute hand. For example, if the hour hand is at "3" and minute hand is at '12' then the time is 3o'clock. If the minute hand is at: ‘1’, it means 5 minutes have passed so the time will become 3:05 ‘2’, it means 10 minutes have passed so the time will become 3:10 '3', it means 15 minutes have passed so the time will become 3:15 '4', it means 20 minutes have passed so the time will become 3:20 '5', it means 25 minutes have passed so the time will become 3:25 ‘6’, it means 30 minutes have passed so the time will become 3:30 '7', it means 35 minutes have passed so the time will become 3:35 '8', it means 40 minutes have passed so the time will become 3:40 '9', it means 45 minutes have passed so the time will become 3:45 '10', it means 50 minutes have passed so the time will become 3:50 '11', it means 55 minutes have passed so the time will become 3:55 Then, again the minute hand comes at '12', now the hour hand will come at '4' so the time will become 4 o'clock. Now look at the clock in your more...

Catgeory: 3rd Class

Measurement Volume

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:—

Measure and compare the capacity of different containers in terms of non standard units.
Estimate capacity of a given object in standard units.
Learn and convert the units of volume.

REAL LIFE EXAMPLES

Capacity of a juice box tells us about the volume of juice in it
Ice cream containers’ capacity is measured before packing ice creams in them.
Cold drink bottles are of capacity 250ml, 300ml, 500ml, 1lt, 2lt, etc.

AMAZING FACTS

You can also measure volume of solid objects. Volume of solid objects can also be measured for solid shapes like cube, cuboids, cylinder, cone, sphere etc.
Capacity is the amount a container can hold while volume is the measure of the space taken up by something.

For example, capacity of a bottle is 500 ml or 500 ml of water can come in a bottle. QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW CAPACITY It can be defined as the amount that something can hold. Usually it means volume, such as liters or milliliters etc. Ex: The bucket has a capacity of 9 liters. VOLUME Volume is the amount of space occupied by an object or a material. Units of volume can be liters and mil liters for liquids. For solids cubic centimeters or cubic meters are used as a unit of volume. Items that may require liters to measure them are:

A carton of ice cream
Amounts of water consumed in a day by a human being eg: Neha drinks 5 liters of water a day.

Items that may require milliliters to measure them are:

A glass of water
A bottle of perfume.

To explain the concept of volume more clearly, few items are shown with varying capacities. Like a bottle of water. Milk carton, glass, juice pack, a big water bottle.

MEASUREMENT OF CAPACITY OF A CONTAINER Take a container whose capacity is to be measured. Take a water bottle whose capacity is 1 lt. fill the water bottle completely Pour the water into the container whose capacity is to be measured count the number of times you filled the container using water bottle SHORTCUT TO PROBLEM SOLVING To accurately measure the quantity of something jars with measuring scales should be used. A measuring jar contains pre-defined scales marked on the glass or plastic jar and given the exact volume measure. more...

Catgeory: 3rd Class

Measurement Weight

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:—

weigh objects using nonstandard units.
relate objects with their weight.
learn about standard units of weight like gram (gm) and kilogram (kg).
choose appropriate standard unit of weight.

REAL LIFE EXAMPLES

Weighing objects helps us to know whether the object is heavy or light.
Fruit sellers and vegetable sellers use weighing balance to weigh fruits and vegetables.
Doctors weigh their patients before prescribing any medicine to them especially children.
Grocery store sells items like sugar, wheat flour (atta), tea, etc according to their weights.
Cooking is done by measuring of weight of ingredients.

AMAZING FACTS

The adult human brain weighs about 1300-1400 gm.
The average person’s skin weighs twice as much as their brain.

QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW How many types of weighing devices have you seen? Check out the different types of weighing devices given Below: They all are weighing scale. They are used for different purposes.

To weigh small babies

To weigh body weight

To weigh things like vegetables, groins, etc.

To weigh junk or various other things

At shops

At gyms even at places where big sacks are weighed.

Examples:- 1. A paperclip weighs about 1 gram. Try weighing a safety pin!

2. You can weight your body weight using weighing machine. Try to measure your weight! 3. Body builders lift heavy weights every day to maintain their body. Can you guess the weights they lift?

MEASURING WEIGHT

Step 1:	Look at the object carefully
Step 2:	Choose a unit of weight
Step 3:	Estimate the weight of the object in that unit
Step 4:	Verify the weight using weighing balance

SHORTCUT TO PROBLEM SOLVING

Always start from "O" while using weighing balance.

Gram (gm) is more...

Catgeory: 3rd Class

Measurement Length

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

This lesson will help you to:—
understand non-uniform units.
revise standard units of length like millimeter,
centimeter and meter.
choose appropriate standard unit of length.
measure objects using standard unit of length.
estimate length of a given object in standard units.
verify length of a given object by measuring.
use a ruler for measuring length.
relate centimeter and meter.

Real life examples

All clothes are stitched by taking body measurements using measuring tapes.
Measurement of length helps in knowing the distance between two places.
Carpenters use measuring tapes to measure length of wooden furniture in order to construct them.
All students in your class are of different heights.
The size of your shoe is based on the length of your feet.

Meters (m) is the unit which is widely used in various races like car race, bicycle race. AMAZING FACTS

Fathom: “The length of the outstretched arm”, about six feet. Water depth is measured in fathoms.
Span: “The distance between the thumb and little finger of an extended hand” roughly nine inches.

QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW Rulers are used to measure small objects.

You can measure the length of the pencil using a ruler.

This pencil is 5 cm long. Try measuring your pencil. Measuring tapes are used to measure large objects. Measuring tape is also used to measure body parts. Examples:-

Have you ever measured your fingers? The middle finger is 4.5 cm long. Try measuring your fingers!

Have you ever measured your waist? Oops!! Looks like Hippopotamus is having short of measuring tape. Try measuring your waist and see whether you face the same problem.

MEASUREMENT USING RULER OR MEASURING TAPES Place one end of the object with ‘0’ in the ruler/measuring tapes. The object and the ruler/measuring tapes should be straight. Start reading the scale on ruler/measuring tapes. Stop reading the scale where the object ends. Hold the last end of the object and read the scale. SHORTCUT TO PROBLEM SOLVING

Always start from '0' while using measuring instruments.
Millimeter (mm) and centimeter (cm) are used to measure very small distance.
Meter (m) and kilometer' (km) more...

Catgeory: 3rd Class

Measurement

LEARNING OBJECTIVES This lesson will help you to:—

Measure lengths and distance using non standard units.
Measure and choose units to measure length and distance.
Measure and choose units to measure weight.
Measure and choose units to measure capacity.
Estimate time for given activities.
Read and write time.

Real life Examples

While buying fruits and vegetables, we use a weighing scale to measure the weight.

Amazing Facts

Sound travels almost 5 times faster underwater than in air.
The overage person falls asleep in 7 minutes.
The first letter from July to November spells JASON.

QUICK CONCEPT REVIEW We use measurement in our everyday life, sometimes consciously and sometimes unconsciously. It is an important part of our day to day activities. Suppose I am standing at my door and would like to know the distance between the door of my house and the park in the front of the house. I can measure the distance by my footsteps. When we go to the market and buy pulses in definite quantities like 500 g, 1 kg etc. we measure with weighing machine. MEASUREMENT

Measurement can be done by non-standard and standard units.
Length is the measurement of a thing from one end to another. For example: A pen is about 8 cm long.
Some units to measure length are millimeter (mm), centimeter (cm), meter (m), kilometer (km).
Weight is the mass of an object. For example: The weight of Ravi's cat is 4 kg.

Some units to measure weight are milligram (mg), grams (g), kilograms (kg).
Capacity is the amount a container can hold. For example: The bottle can hold 1 liter of water.
Some units to measure weight are milliliters (ml), liters (I).

Time defines the duration of activities. For example: It takes Ria about 45 minutes to reach her school from home.
Time can be measured in seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months and years.