Current Affairs 3rd Class

      Introduction   The preposition is a word which is placed before a noun or a pronoun to show its relation with other noun or pronoun in a sentence.      

• The mangoes are in the basket.
• James writes with a pen.
• The dog is at the door.
• The book has been written by me.
• The shirt is for Jones.
• The pen is on the table.
• The chair is made of wood.
• The boy is going to market.

     Analysis­­­ In the above given sentences the words in, with, at, by, for, on, of, and to have been placed before a noun or a pronoun and are showing their relation to other words (nouns) in the sentences. These words are prepositions.      List of some commonly used prepositions Above                   From                     After                     In Against                 Into                        Along                    Near Among                 of                            At                           On Before                  Out                        Beside                  over Between             Since                     By                           To Down                    under                    For                         With Without      Read and understand the following examples: 1. Time             (A) I got up at 9 o' clock. (B) She has been dancing for two hours. (C) She has been swimming since two p.m. 2. Manner        (A) He earns money by boxing. (B) She played with care. (C) He walks with his legs. 3. Place             (A) Accident took place near church. (B) A truck ran over sky. (C) Stars shine in the sky. 4. Direction      (A) The rat ran towards the hole. (B) She went around the temple. (C) A saint came from the east.

     Practice Exercise   Select the correct helping verbs from the bracket and fill in the blanks.       I ____ eating food. (am, is)   Answer: am         He ____ running, (is/ am)   Answer: is         They ____ laughing, (is/ are)   Answer: are         She ___ not take it. (will /shall)   Answer: will               Choose the Present Tense form \[\text{(}{{\text{V}}^{\text{1}}})\] of Arise. (A) Arise                                                              (B) Arose (C) Arisen                                                            (D) Arising (E) Arises     Answer: (A) Explanation: Present Tense form \[\text{(}{{\text{V}}^{\text{1}}})\] of Arise is Arise.         Choose the Past Tense form \[\text{(}{{\text{V}}^{2}})\] of Arrive. (A) Arrives                                          (B) Arrived (C) Arriving                                         (D) Arriven (E) None of these     Answer: (B) Explanation: Past Tense form \[\text{(}{{\text{V}}^{2}})\] of Arrive is Arrived.          

• A verb is an action word.
• Verbs are of two types, that is, main verb and helping verb.
• Main verbs are of five forms.
• Helping Verbs: The verb which helps the main verb in changing its form is called Helping Verbs.  

     Verb Forms   There are five forms of verb. These are as follows: (i) Present Tense form: (ii) Past Tense form: (iii) Past Participle form: (iv) Present Continuous form: (v) Present Tense Third Person: Singular form         The five forms of verbs are the following: Present               Past                       Past Participle                 ing (form)            Present Tense 3rd person singular                                                                                                   Arise                      Arose                    Arisen                                  Arising                  Arises Arrive                    Arrived                 Arrived                                 Arriving              Arrives Become               Became                Become                               Becoming            Becomes Break                    Broke                    Broken                                 Breaking              Breaks Buy                        Bought                 Bought                                 Buying                  Buys Catch                     Caught                  Caught                               Catching           Catches Come                    Came                    Come                                    Coming                 Comes Cut                         Cut                         Cut                                       Cutting                 Cuts Die                         Died                       Died                                    Dying                     Dies Do                          Did                         Done                                   Doing                    Does Drink                     Drank                    Drunk                                  Drinking            Drinks Eat                          Ate                         Eaten                                    Eating                    Eats Fall                         Flew                      Fallen                                    Falling                   Falls Fly                          Flew                      Flown                                    Flying                    Flies Forget                   Forgot                   Forgot                                 Forgetting       Forgets Go                          Went                     Gone                                     Going                    Goes Grow                     Grew                     Grown                                  Growing               Grows Hang                      Hung                     Hung                                     Hanging                Hangs Hear                      Heard                    Heard                                   Hearing               Hears Know                    Knew                    Known                                  Knowing              Knows Keep                     Kept                      Kept                                       Keeping                 Keeps Look                      Looked                 Looked                                 Looking                Looks Move                    Moved                 Moved                                  Moving                 Moves Make                    Made                    Made                                    Making                 Makes Meet                     Met                       Met                 more...

     Types of Verb   Verbs are of two types, that is, main verb and helping verb. Main verb: The type of verb that has the meaning in the word itself. Without main verbs in a sentence, we would not understand the meaning of the sentence.   For example: Cow gives milk. Here 'gives' is the main verb. The main verbs has various forms , which we will discuss later. Helping Verb: The verb that helps the main to change its form is known as helping verb. For example: She is singing a song. Here, main verb is 'sing'. But to make us understand the meaning of the sentence the verb sing has been changed in to' singing' with the help of 'is'. Therefore, 'is' is a helping verb.   List of helping verbs Is, am , are, was, were, do, does, did, has, have/had, shall, will, etc.          See some more examples:

•  John is writing a letter.
•  They are watching movie.
•  She helps the poor.
•  He plays cricket.  

     Introduction   A verb is a word which shows an action, state of being or possession of a noun or pronoun. Or The word which says something about a noun or a pronoun is called a verb.        

•  The teacher teaches the students.
•  James goes to college.
•  The dog moves fast.
•  The cat is dead.
•  He was in the office.
•  She is beautiful.
•  The cow has four legs.
•  Jackson has a computer.  

       Analysis In sentences 1, 2 and 3 the words, teaches, goes and moves say something about the teacher, James and the dog. These words show an action. In sentences 4, 5 and 6 the words is, was and again is, say something about the cat, he and she. These words show state of being or condition. In sentences 7 and 8 the word has says something about the cow and Jackson. The word has shows possession in both the sentences. These words are verbs. NOTE: All action words are verbs.  

     Practice Exercise   Fill in the blanks with appropriate pronouns for nouns.       There is a garden in my house _________ is full of flower.   Answer: It (Personal Pronoun)         Farmers live in village _______ work from morning to evening.   Answer: They (Personal Pronoun)         The man saw the boys making a noise. _________ told them not to do so.   Answer: He (Personal Pronoun)      Marry came to William. _________ was sleeping at the time.   Answer: She (Personal Pronoun)             Identify the kind of pronoun used in the sentence:       Look at these cows. They are grazing in the field. 'They is? (A) Personal Pronoun                                    (B) Reflexive Pronoun (C) Demonstrative Pronoun                        (D) Possessive Pronoun (E) Interrogative Pronoun     Answer: (A) Explanation : They is personal pronoun. Therefore, option (A) is correct and rest of the options is incorrect.         Anyone has called you. Anyone is? (A) Reflexive Pronoun                                   (B) Personal Pronoun (C) Demonstrative Pronoun                        (D) Indefinite Pronoun (E) Interrogative Pronoun     Answer: (D) Explanation: Anyone is indefinite pronoun. Therefore, option (D) is correct and rest of the options is incorrect          

• Personal Pronoun: The pronoun that is used for a person or thing is called Personal Pronoun.
• Demonstrative Pronouns: The Pronoun that is used to point out the object we talk about is called Demonstrative Pronouns.
• Interrogative Pronoun: The pronoun which is used to ask a question is called Interrogative Pronoun.
• Reflexive Pronouns: A Reflexive pronoun is used to show the effect of the action done by the subject on itself.
• Possessive Pronoun: The pronoun which shows possession is called possessive Pronoun.
• Distributive Pronoun: The pronoun which is used as distributer of a person of thing is called Distributive Pronoun.
• Indefinite Pronoun: The pronoun which refers to something that is not definite or specific or exact is called Indefinite Pronoun.
• Emphatic or Emphasizing Pronoun: The pronoun that is used to emphasize a noun or a pronoun is called Emphatic or Emphasizing Pronoun.    

     Kinds of Pronoun   There are eight kinds of pronoun.

•  Personal Pronoun
•  Demonstrative Pronoun
•  Interrogative Pronoun
•  Reflexive Pronoun
•  Possessive Pronoun
•  Distributive Pronoun
•  Indefinite Pronoun
•  Emphatic or Emphasizing Pronoun  

        Personal Pronoun The pronoun that is used for a person or thing is called personal pronoun.        

•  He went to market yesterday.
•  We are going to school.
•  You have done this work.
•  They will come here on Sunday.
•  It is costly.  

         Analysis In the above given sentences he, we, you, they and it are used for either person or things. So, these are personal pronouns. Personal pronouns are of three kinds:   Look at the following sentences carefully written in three groups: (A)             1. I went to the market yesterday. 2. We get up everyday at 5:30 a.m. 3. Richard helped me. 4. The teacher gave us prizes.   In group 'A' the pronouns I, we, me and us refer to the person speaking. So these are called the pronoun of the first person.   (B)             1. You are very intelligent. 2. This is your copy. 3. Pollard will meet you on Monday.   In group 'B' the pronouns you and your refer to the person spoken to. So these are called the pronouns of the second person.   (C)            1. He played well in the final match. 2. She DISCUSSED THE MATTER. 3. This is a pen. It is new. 4. They were planting trees.   In group 'C' the pronouns he, she, it and they refer to the person or thing spoken about. So these are called the pronouns of the third person.           Demonstrative Pronouns The pronoun that is used to point out the object we talk about is called demonstrative pronoun. There are four demonstrative pronouns. They are this, that, these, those.        

•  This is pencil.
•  That is cat.
•  These are buffaloes.
•  Those are teachers.  

       Analysis In the above given sentences this, that, these and those indicate thing, animal or person. So, these are demonstrative pronouns.   NOTE: 'This' and 'these' refer to nouns that are nearby in time or space. 'That' and 'those' refer to nouns that are further away in time or space. 'This' and 'that prefer to singular nouns. 'These' and 'those' refer to plural nouns.           Interrogative Pronoun The pronoun which is used to ask a question is called interrogative pronoun.   Example

•  Who is in the classroom?
•  What does more...

     Introduction   A pronoun is the word which is used in place of a noun. Pronouns are used to avoid the repetition of nouns in a sentence.

• John is happy.                                                     He has got a reward.
• My father is in the office                                   He is doing a work.
• The picture is hanging on the wall.                 It is beautiful.
• Look at the peacock.                                         They are flying in the sky.  

       Analysis In the above given pair of sentences the words he, it and they have been used in places of John, My father, picture and birds ,which are nouns . The words used in place of these nouns are pronouns.  

     Practice Exercise   Choose the nouns from the sentences or underline sentence and write kind of Noun.       Smith is a good boy.   Answer: Proper Noun: A proper noun is the name of a particular person. So, Smith is a name of a particular person.       My mother is going to market.   Answer: Common Noun: A common name is the name given to the class of person. So, mother is the class of person.       A _________of Keys   Answer: Bunch (Collective Noun), A collective noun is the group or collection of things.       She is drinking water   Answer: Material Noun: A material noun is the name of substance. So, water is the name of substance.       Everybody wants to lead peaceful life.   Answer: Abstract Noun: An abstract noun is the name of some state, quality, feeling or idea. So, peaceful is the name of feeling.           Find the kind of noun the underline word has. The colour of milk is white. (A) Common noun                                          (B) Proper noun (C) Collective noun                                          (D) Material noun (E) None of these     Answer: (D) Explanation : Milk is material noun. Therefore, option (D) is correct and rest of the options is incorrect.         Which one of the following options is correct to complete the sentence? A of people. (A) Crowd (Proper Noun)                             (B) Crowd (Common Noun) (C) Crowd (Collective Noun)                       (D) Crowd (Material Noun) (E) Crowd (Abstract Noun)     Answer: (c) Explanation: Crowd is collective noun. Therefore, option (C) is correct and rest of the options is incorrect.          

• Noun is the name of a person, place, animal, bird or thing.
• A proper noun is the name of a particular person, place, thing or animal.
• A common noun is the name given to the class of person, place, animal or thing.
• A collective noun is the name of a group or collection of person things or animal.
• A material noun is the name of a substance which can be measured or weighed.
• An abstract noun is the name of some state, quality, feeling or idea that we can only think or feel but cannot touch or see.    

   Kinds of Noun   There are five kinds of noun:

• Proper Noun
• Common Noun
• Collective Noun
• Material Noun
• Abstract Noun  

        Proper Noun   Definition: The name of a particular person, or place, or thing is called proper noun.        

•  Abrahimis a clever boy.
•  Marutiis a beautiful car.
•  India is a big country.            
•  The Bible is a holy book.  

       Analysis In the above given sentences 'Abrahim' is the name of a particular boy, 'Maruti' is the name of a particular car, 'India' is the name of a particular country and the 'Bible' is the name of a particular book. These are proper nouns. Boy, car, country, and book are also nouns, but they are not proper noun.             NOTE : A proper noun always begins with a capital letter.                       See the following List of Proper Noun: Steve                    Maruti                  January India                      Delhi                      Sunday Ramayana           Asia                        Ganga           Common Noun Definition : Common noun is the name given to a class of people, place, animal orthing.        

•  The doctor is examining the patient.
•  The elephant moves slowly.
•  Book is useful for us.
•  Boys are playing in the field.  

       Analysis In the above given sentences doctor indicates a class of person, elephant indicates a class of animal, book indicates a class of thing and field indicates a class of place. So, these are common nouns.           See the following List of Common Noun: Boy                        Girl                         Mother                                Teacher Student                 Brother                 Parents                                Nephew Shop                      Market                 City                                        Humans           Collective Noun Definition: Collective noun is the name of a group or collection of persons, animals or things.        

•  The family was celebrating Christmas.
•  Cattle is grazing in the field.
•  Rosy lost the bunch of keys.
•  The police could not control the crowd.  

       Analysis In the above given sentences family indicates a group of person, cattle indicates a group of animals, bunch indicates a collection (group) of keys and crowd indicates a group of people. So, these words are collective nouns.           See the following list of Collective Noun: An army of more...