Potato
Similarly, some plants like onions and lilies grow from their bulb shaped stems.
Leaves
In Bryophyllum, new plant grows from their leaves.
Bryophyllum
Reproduction Through Spores
The plants like ferns, mushrooms or mosses, which do not have flowers, produce spores which can be grown into a new plant.
Mushroom
Reproduction Through Spores
The fruit bearing plants have seeds inside fruit. When these seeds fall on the soil, new plants grow from them. For example,
Mango, rice, wheat and tomato, etc.
Tomato
Parts of Seed
Seed has an upper covering which is called seed coat. Inside the seed coat/there may be one or two seed leaves called cotyledons. Between them, baby plant grows called seedling. Seedling has radicle growing downwards that develops into root and plumule growing upwards towards the sunlight that develops into shoot. Food for the baby plant wheat and rice have only one cotyledon and are monocot plants. Pea and beans have two cotyledons and are dicot plants.
The process by which baby plant grows from a seed is called germination.
A seed needs water, sunlight and air. A seedling grows into a plant when it gets sufficient water and food from soil, sunlight and air.
Germination of seed
Dispersal of Seeds
Plants have to disperse their seeds with the help of nature so that all seeds would not fall on one place causing lack of sunlight, water and space to grow Seeds are dispersed by wind, water, animals and explosion of fruits. These all are agents of dispersal.
Wind
The seeds which are light and have wings or hairs on them are easily carried by more... 
Whale
Frog
A frog breathes through its lungs on land as well as through its moist skin under water. A baby frog or tadpole breathes through its gills.
Frog
Insects
Insects like cockroaches, caterpillars and grasshoppers breathe through tiny air holes, called spiracles on their bodies. The spiracles of the body lead to air tubes which form a network that reaches every part of an insect’s body. Air enters the body through this network. The body parts take in oxygen and give out carbon dioxide. The blood of insects does not have the oxygen carrier called haemoglobin. That is why their blood is not red in colour.
Some animals like earthworms can take in oxygen through their thin moist skins.
Grasshopper Caterpillars Cockroach
Amoeba and paramecium are tiny animals which can be seen only through a microscope. They breathe through their body surface.
Humans
Humans too breathe through their lungs. We have a pair of lungs in our chest. We breathe through our nose. When we breathe in air, the lungs expand and fill with air. When we breathe out, the chest contracts and pushes out the air with the carbon dioxide from the body.
Human lungs
Eating Habits
All living things need food to get energy, to grow and to stay healthy. Different animals eat different kinds of food. Some animals eat plants. Some eat the flesh of other animals. Some animals eat both plants and other animals. Animals have different types of teeth based on the type to food they eat. Animals are classified on the basis of their eating habits as more... 
Solar System
Moon
As the earth moves around the sun, it is accompanied by the moon. Even though the moor is earth's nearest neighbour in space, it is 3,84,400 km away from the earth. The moon is 4500 million years old, the same age as the earth. The moon is called the earth's natural satellite because it revolves around the earth.
Why does the moon shine at night? The moon shines because it reflects the sun's light falling on it.
The surface of the moon is made up of plains, valleys and mountains. There are big holes called craters all over the moon. These craters are round and deep. A dark grey dust covers the surface of the moon.
Americans Neil Armstrong, Edwin Aldrin and Michael Collins were the first people to visit the moon. They landed on the moon on 21 July 1969 in their spacecraft Apollo 11. Neil Armstrong was the first person to step on the moon.
Moon
The Moon and Tides
The rising and falling of the level of water in the sea are called tides. Tides are caused by the gravitational pulls of the moon and the sun. The moon attracts the ocean water with stronger force of attraction than that of the sun, because the moon is much closer to the earth than the sun.
Eclipse
An eclipse is a shadow that makes the sun or the moon totally or partially invisible for some time. The sun is the source of light and the earth and the moon are the objects that come in the path of this light and cast their own shadows. As the earth and the moon keep moving, their positions keep changing. Thus, their shadows also keep changing.
Solar Eclipse
Sometimes the moon comes between the sun and the earth. When this happens, the moon obstructs the light of the sun and casts its shadow on the earth. The people living in this part of the earth can see only a part of the sun or not see it at all. This is a solar eclipse. Once the moon moves out of this position, the sun can be seen again. If the complete disc of the sun is covered by the shadow of the moon, it is called a total solar eclipse. If a part of the sun is hidden, it is called a partial solar eclipse.
Sun
Luminous Objects
Sun, candle, diya and lamp are examples of objects that produce light. These are called luminous objects.
Diya Lamp
Non-luminous Objects
The objects that do not produce light are called non-luminous objects. Paper, kite and table are examples of non-luminous objects.
Paper Kite Table
Shadow
Light always travels in a straight line. When there is some obstruction in the path of light, we see a shadow. Light is always needed for a shadow to form. Shadows always form on the opposite side of the source of light. Shadows can never form in total darkness. Some objects cast dark shadows while some cast faint shadows.
Sometimes shadows are smaller, and sometimes they are bigger than the actual size. Long shadows are formed in the morning and the evening. Short shadow is formed at noon.
Opaque Objects
Wood and metal are examples of opaque objects. No light can pass through such objects. So they form clear and dark shadows when they are placed in front of a source of light.
Transparent Objects
These objects allow almost all light to pass through them. So transparent objects form very faint shadows (or no shadow at all). Plain glass is an example of a transparent object.
Translucent Objects
Butter paper is an example of a translucent object. Such objects block only a part of the light that passes through them. So they throw a faint shadow.
Sound
A wave of vibrations that spreads from its source. Vibration is the back-and-forth motion of an object.
Sound is produced when we talk, when we strike a steel tumbler with a spoon. Our tongue helps us to make sound. Some sounds are soft, some are loud.
Some sounds are pleasant and some are unpleasant.
Noise
Sound that is loud and unpleasant is called noise. Too much of noise is harmful for our health. Therefore, we should speak softly. We should play television, music system, etc. in low volume so as not to disturb our family and neighbours. 
These changes involve change:
International System of Numeration This system is applied in whole world. The following place value chart shows the international system of numeration.
Place are value of a digit in a number is the position it occupies according to the place value chart.
| Symbols I | Value 1 |
| V | 5 |
| X | 10 |
| L | 50 |
| C | 100 |
| D | 500 |
| M | 1000 |
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