Determiners
Introduction: Determiners are words like the, an, my, some. They are grammatically similar. They all come at the beginning of noun phrases, and usually we cannot use more than one determiner in the same noun phrase.
Determiners are different to pronouns in that a determiner is always followed by a noun. Therefore personal pronouns (I, you, he, etc.) and possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, etc.) cannot be determiners.
The definite and indefinite articles a, an and the are all determiners.
List of Different Determiners
Articles:
Voice
Introduction: Voice is the form of the verb which shows whether the subject acts or is acted upon.
Consider the following sentences:
(i) Raja loves Reena.
(ii) Reena is loved by Raja.
There is practically no difference in the meanings of the above two sentences. These are two different ways of presenting the same thing. But in the first sentence, the subject performs the action, whereas in the second sentence, The subject of the verb is acted upon. It means the subject of the first sentence becomes the object of the verb of the first sentence.
The voice shows whether subject performs the action or the subject receives the action.
Kinds of Voice
There are two voices:
(i) Active voice
(ii) Passive voice
When the subject of the sentence is the doer or actor, the verb is active and said to be in Active Voice.
(i) He runs.
(ii) I did it.
(iii) She helped me.
(iv) They did all the work.
When the subject of the sentence is acted upon, the verb is passive and is said to be in Passive Voice.
(i) It was done by me.
(ii) This was said by him.
(iii) The thief was arrested.
(iv) The sun was covered by cloud.
Rules for changing the voice
1. The object of the active voice is changed into subject of the passive voice.
2. The subject of the active voice is changed into object of the passive voice.
3. According to the subject made in the passive voice, there is the usage of the helping verb.
If it is not the helping verb 'to be', then according to the helping verb present there, a form of 'to be' is taken into usage.
4. After 'to be' there is the usage of \[{{\text{v}}^{3}}\].
5. Preposition 'by' is used before the object made in the passive.
This (by + object) is also known as (by + agent), which is completely optional.
6. The tense of the verb is not changed. Only its form is changed, i.e. tense of the verb remains the same.
7. Vague subjects, like someone, somebody, everybody, everyone, people, etc. are dropped in the form of a passive voice.
Modals
Introduction: All the auxiliary verbs except be, do and have are called modals. Unlike other auxiliary verbs, modals only exist in their helping form; they cannot act alone as the main verb in a sentence.
The modal verbs are: Can, Could, May, Might, Must, Shall, Should, Ought to, Will, Would
Uses of Modal Verbs
Model
Example
Use
Can
They can control own budgets.
We can't fix it can I smoke here?
Can you help me?
Ability/possibility /inability /impossibility asking for permission request
Could
Could I borrow your dictionary?
Could you say it again more slowly?
We could try to fix it ourselves.
I think we could have another gulf war.
He gave up his old job so he could work for us
Asking for permission
Request
Suggestion
Future possibility
Ability in the past
May
May I have another cup of coffee?
China may become a major economic power
Asking for permission
Future possibility
Might
We'd better phone tomorrow, they might be eating their dinner now
They might give us a 10% discount
Present possibility
Future possibility
Must
We must say good bye now.
They mustn't disrupt the work more than necessary
Necessity / Obligation
Prohibition
Ought to
We ought to employ a professional writer.
Saying what's right or correct
Shall
Shall I help you with your luggage?
Shall we say 2.30 then?
Shall I do that or will you?
Offer
Suggestion
Asking what to do
Should
We should short out this problem at once.
I think we should check every thing again.
Profits should increase next year.
Saying what's right or correct recommending action uncertain prediction
Will
I can't see any taxis so I'// walk.
I' // do that for you if you like.
I'// get back to you first thing on Monday.
Profits will increase next year.
Instant decisions
Offer Promise
Certain prediction
Would
Would you mind if I brought a colleague with me?
Would you mind waiting a moment?
Would three o' clock suit you? ' - ' That'd be more...
Preposition
Introduction: A Preposition is a word placed before a noun or a noun-equivalent to show its relation to some other word in the sentence.
Generally, a preposition is used before a noun or pronoun. But, sometimes, a preposition is not used before a noun or pronoun.
Who was she talking to?
This is the bungalow he lives in.
This is the man whom I lent some money to.
Remember:
(i) Prepositions can also govern other parts of speech used as Nouns.
From here, before now, for good, in short, about to go, etc.
(ii) Prepositions can also govern Phrases and Clauses.
I shall go to where you have come from
It depends on how you do your duty
I am ignorant of how to do it.
Phrase Prepositions or Prepositional Phrases are phrases used as prepositions, like - on account of, instead of, in spite of, by means of, owing to, by dint of, in accordance with, etc.
Classification of Prepositions
1. Preposition of Direction
Such as - to, to wards, for, along, against, across, up, down, into, etc.
2. Prepositions of Place / Position
Such as - at, in, on, above, below, over, under, between, among, amongst, amid, amidst, before, behind, etc.
3. Prepositions of Time
Such as - at, on, for, since, before, after, within, in till, by, during, from, etc.
4. Some Other Prepositions
Such as - about, off, of
Direct & Indirect Narrations
Introduction: Narration means something that is narrated, an account of, detailing an event, etc. The word 'narration' is taken from the word 'narrate', which means 'to give an account or tell something'.
There are two types of narration:
(i) Direct
(ii) Indirect
Direct narration states the statement of person, exactly the same, spoken by him or her. This statement is put within inverted commas (" ").
Sita said, "I have seen Hanuman."
The sentence contains the statement as said by Sita - "I have seen Hanuman", which in direct narration.
Indirect Narration states the statement of a person, which we analyze or interpret in our own words; or just narrate or summaries the principal motive of the speaker.
Sonia said that she was late for the meeting.
The sentence focuses the statement of Sonia, which we expressed in our own words. This sentence is said to be in indirect narration.
Kinds of Narration
When a speech is quoted in the actual words used by the speaker, it is called the Direct Speech. But when the speech is reported in the form of a narrative, giving the substance or meaning or the words used by the speaker, without quoting his actual words, it is called the Indirect Speech.
Rahul says, "I want to visit Mumbai." - Direct Speech
Rahul says that he wants to visit Mumbai. - Indirect Speech
Conjunctions
Introduction: A Conjunction is a word which joins together sentences and sometimes words.
Conjunctions are of two kinds:
(i) Coordinating
(ii) Subordinating
A conjunction that joins two words or two coordinate clauses or sentences is called a coordinating conjunction.
Anil came here and sat down.
Shankar is poor but honest.
In these sentences, both and and but are coordinating conjunctions.
Again, let us take an example:
Viren is honest though poor.
Here, though is a subordinating conjunction.
Uses of Conjunctions
1. Not only ..... but also is used before those words which it stresses.
2. Neither is followed by nor while either is followed by or.
3. Both is followed by and.
4. Though and although are followed by yet.
5. Even if is followed by but.
6. That cannot be used to express interrogative or imperative expression.
7. Whether is followed by 'or' or ' not'.
8. When is used when two actions take place one by one; if two actions are simultaneous, use while.
9. Lest is followed by should, if it is negative, do not use another negative with it.
10. No sooner is followed by than, just after no sooner we use helping verb.
11. Other is followed by than.
12. Until is used for time while unless is used for condition. They are negatives and so you should not use any negative with them.
13. Scarcely, hardly and barely are followed by when. After scarcely, hardly, etc. we use helping verb first before the subject.
14. So and so that are used for cause and purpose, so they cannot be used in negative.
15. Nothing is followed by but.
16. After these verbs, like treat, regard, describe, present, portray, define, depict, etc. we use as before noun
17. Such is followed by as.
Verb
Introduction: A Verb is a word which affirms or predicts something of some person or thing, or a part of speech expressing being, action or the suffering of action.
Verbs are divided into two main classes - Principal and Auxiliary.
(i) When a verb is used independently, it is called a Principal Verb.
Call, go, work, etc.
(ii) When a verb is used only to help some other verb to form voices, moods and tenses, it is called an Auxiliary Verb. [Auxiliary means helping.] The only verbs that can be so used are - can, be, have, shall, will, may, do.
The classification of Verbs can be easily understood from the structure given below.
Time & Tense
Introduction: Tense is that form of a verb which shows the time and state of an action on event. It comes from Latin word tempus, meaning time. Tense is the change of form in a verb to express the time of an action. There are three principal tenses -
(i) The Present Tense: describes an action in the present time. Example: I go. He runs. They are walking.
(ii) The Past Tense: describes an action in the past time. Example: I went. He ran. They were playing.
(iii) The Future Tense: describes an action in the future time. Example: I shall go. He will run. They will be walking.
Each of these principal tenses has four forms - Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous.
To understand Tense better, you should remember the conjugation of verb always.
Conjugation of verb (To Be)
Present Tense
Present Indefinite Tense
Singular Plural
I am We are
You are You are
He/ She/ lt is They are
Present Continuous Tense
Singular Plural
I am being We are being
You are being You are being
He/ She/ It is being They are being
Present Perfect Tense
Singular Plural
I have been We have been
You have been You have been
He/ She/ It has been They have been
Present Perfect Continuous Tense
Singular Plural
I have been being We have been being
You have been being You have been being
He/ She/ It has been being They have been being
Past Tense
Past Indefinite Tense
Singular Plural
I was We were
You were You were
He / She/ It was They were
Past Continuous Tense
Singular Plural
I was being We were being
You were being You were being
He/ She / It was being They were being
Past more...
Subject-verb Agreement
Introduction: Subject-Verb agreement is one of the most important topics in Grammar. It can be called the structure or the skeleton. For correct and confident English, you have to have a good understanding of this agreement. Subject- Verb agreement is based on two basic rules.
Rule 1:
SUBJECT is SINGULAR__________VERB is SINGULAR
(i) He writes poem. (Sing. Sub. Sing. Verb) Setting arrangement of underlined examples.doc
(ii) Vinay goes to office. (Sing. Sub. Sing. Verb)
Exception:
(i) With I, excluding am and was, there is always a Plural subject.
(ii) You always stakes a Plural subject.
Rule 2:
SUBJECT is PLURAL__________VERB is PLURAL
(i) They are riding a bicycle. (Plural Sub. Plural Verb)
(ii) We are planning to visit Canada. (Plural Sub. Plural Verb)
In general, the number and person of any Finite Verb are corresponding to the number and person of the subject.
(i) They play. (Plural Sub. Finite verb)
(ii) She plays. (Singular Sub. Finite verb)
Here in (i), play is a Finite verb, where 'They' is a plural subject in the plural form.
But in (ii), play is a Finite verb, where it is with the singular subject 'She' and in singular form.
Subjects and verbs must agree with one another in number (singular or plural). Thus, if a subject is singular, its verb must also be singular, if a subject is plural, its verb must also be plural.
Remember that, problems related to subject-verb agreement are normally found with the usage of associated subjects like ? is are, am, was, were, do, does, have, has, etc. or with main subject in Present Indefinite Tense.
Let Us Check a Few Different Conditions Related to Subject-Verb Agreement.
1. If the subject of a sentence is singular noun, then it takes a singular verb.
(i) Kate is always punctual. (Sing. Noun Sing. Verb)
(ii) A visitor has come to see us. (Sing. Noun Sing. Verb)
2. If two singular nouns are joined with and then the verb is plural.
(i) Rahul and Anita have gone home. (Sing. Noun Sing. Noun Plural Verb)
(ii) A computer and a printer have been installed. (Sing. Noun Sing. Noun Plural Noun)
3. If two singular nouns are joined with and, but before them there is each every, etc., then it takes a singular verb.
(i) Each officer and each manager is invited. (each Sing. Noun each Sing. Noun Sing. Verb)
(ii) The duty of every boy and every girl is to respect their parents. (every Sing. Noun every Sing. Noun Sing. Verb) more...
Choose the word which is most similar in meaning (synonym) to the words given in bold.
Graphic
(a) Conspicuous
(b) Vivid
(c) Distinct
(d) Vague
(e) None of these
Ingenuous
(a) Smart
(b) Skilful
(c) Frank
(d) Active
(e) None of these
Candid
(a) Polite
(b) Rude
(c) Sincere
(d) Plain-spoken
(e) None of these
Pivotal
(a) Internal
(b) Crucial
(c) Mechanical
(d) Movable
(e) None of these
Fretful
(a) Dutiful
(b) Real
(c) Awesome
(d) Difficult
(e) None of these
Dubious
(a) Doubtful
(b) Disputable
(c) Duplicate
(d) Dangerous
(e) None of these
Flabbergasted
(a) Scared
(b) Embarrassed
(c) Dumbfounded
(d) Humiliated
(e) None of these
External
(a) Innumerable
(b) Immeasurable
(c) Prolonged
(d) Perpetual
(e) None of these
Genuine
(a) Authentic
(b) Legitimate
(c) Reliable
(d) Pure
(e) None of these
Obscene
(a) Indecent
(b) Incorrigible
(c) Ridiculous
(d) Intolerable
(e) None of these
Stable
(a) Lasting
(b) Unchanging
(c) Steady
(d) Firm
(e) None of these
Pledge
(a) Guarantee
(b) Security
(c) Oath
(d) Promise
(e) None of these
Pact
(a) Treaty
(b) Bargain
(c) Settlement
(d) Agreement
(e) None of these
Rage
(a) Destroy
(b) Anger
(c) Relinquish
(d) Fury
(e) None of these
Stubborn
(a) Determined
(b) Tough
(c) Adamant
(d) Stiff
(e) None of these
Choose the word opposite in meaning (antonym) to the words given in bold.
Illusory
(a) Imaginary
(b) Real
(c) Certain
(d) Deceptive
(e) None of these
Terse
(a) Descriptive
(b) Expressive
(c) Detailed
(d) Concise
(e) None of these
Alive
(a) Drowsy
(b) Asleep
(c) Dead
(d) Passive
(e) None of these
Tentative
(a) Final
(b) Developed
(c) more...
Determiners
Introduction: Determiners are words like the, an, my, some. They are grammatically similar. They all come at the beginning of noun phrases, and usually we cannot use more than one determiner in the same noun phrase.
Determiners are different to pronouns in that a determiner is always followed by a noun. Therefore personal pronouns (I, you, he, etc.) and possessive pronouns (mine, yours, his, etc.) cannot be determiners.
The definite and indefinite articles a, an and the are all determiners.
List of Different Determiners
Articles:
Voice
Introduction: Voice is the form of the verb which shows whether the subject acts or is acted upon.
Consider the following sentences:
(i) Raja loves Reena.
(ii) Reena is loved by Raja.
There is practically no difference in the meanings of the above two sentences. These are two different ways of presenting the same thing. But in the first sentence, the subject performs the action, whereas in the second sentence, The subject of the verb is acted upon. It means the subject of the first sentence becomes the object of the verb of the first sentence.
The voice shows whether subject performs the action or the subject receives the action.
Kinds of Voice
There are two voices:
(i) Active voice
(ii) Passive voice
When the subject of the sentence is the doer or actor, the verb is active and said to be in Active Voice.
(i) He runs.
(ii) I did it.
(iii) She helped me.
(iv) They did all the work.
When the subject of the sentence is acted upon, the verb is passive and is said to be in Passive Voice.
Modals
Introduction: All the auxiliary verbs except be, do and have are called modals. Unlike other auxiliary verbs, modals only exist in their helping form; they cannot act alone as the main verb in a sentence.
The modal verbs are: Can, Could, May, Might, Must, Shall, Should, Ought to, Will, Would
Uses of Modal Verbs
Preposition
Introduction: A Preposition is a word placed before a noun or a noun-equivalent to show its relation to some other word in the sentence.
Generally, a preposition is used before a noun or pronoun. But, sometimes, a preposition is not used before a noun or pronoun.
Who was she talking to?
This is the bungalow he lives in.
This is the man whom I lent some money to.
Remember:
(i) Prepositions can also govern other parts of speech used as Nouns.
Classification of Prepositions
1. Preposition of Direction
Such as - to, to wards, for, along, against, across, up, down, into, etc.
2. Prepositions of Place / Position
Such as - at, in, on, above, below, over, under, between, among, amongst, amid, amidst, before, behind, etc.
3. Prepositions of Time
Such as - at, on, for, since, before, after, within, in till, by, during, from, etc.
4. Some Other Prepositions
Such as - about, off, of 
Direct & Indirect Narrations
Introduction: Narration means something that is narrated, an account of, detailing an event, etc. The word 'narration' is taken from the word 'narrate', which means 'to give an account or tell something'.
There are two types of narration:
(i) Direct
(ii) Indirect
Direct narration states the statement of person, exactly the same, spoken by him or her. This statement is put within inverted commas (" ").
Sita said, "I have seen Hanuman."
The sentence contains the statement as said by Sita - "I have seen Hanuman", which in direct narration.
Indirect Narration states the statement of a person, which we analyze or interpret in our own words; or just narrate or summaries the principal motive of the speaker.
Conjunctions
Introduction: A Conjunction is a word which joins together sentences and sometimes words.
Conjunctions are of two kinds:
(i) Coordinating
(ii) Subordinating
A conjunction that joins two words or two coordinate clauses or sentences is called a coordinating conjunction.
Anil came here and sat down.
Shankar is poor but honest.
In these sentences, both and and but are coordinating conjunctions.
Again, let us take an example:
Viren is honest though poor.
Here, though is a subordinating conjunction.
Uses of Conjunctions
1. Not only ..... but also is used before those words which it stresses.
2. Neither is followed by nor while either is followed by or.
3. Both is followed by and.
4. Though and although are followed by yet.
5. Even if is followed by but.
6. That cannot be used to express interrogative or imperative expression.
7. Whether is followed by 'or' or ' not'.
8. When is used when two actions take place one by one; if two actions are simultaneous, use while.
9. Lest is followed by should, if it is negative, do not use another negative with it.
10. No sooner is followed by than, just after no sooner we use helping verb.
11. Other is followed by than.
12. Until is used for time while unless is used for condition. They are negatives and so you should not use any negative with them.
13. Scarcely, hardly and barely are followed by when. After scarcely, hardly, etc. we use helping verb first before the subject.
14. So and so that are used for cause and purpose, so they cannot be used in negative.
15. Nothing is followed by but.
16. After these verbs, like treat, regard, describe, present, portray, define, depict, etc. we use as before noun
17. Such is followed by as. 
Verb
Introduction: A Verb is a word which affirms or predicts something of some person or thing, or a part of speech expressing being, action or the suffering of action.
Verbs are divided into two main classes - Principal and Auxiliary.
(i) When a verb is used independently, it is called a Principal Verb.
Call, go, work, etc.
(ii) When a verb is used only to help some other verb to form voices, moods and tenses, it is called an Auxiliary Verb. [Auxiliary means helping.] The only verbs that can be so used are - can, be, have, shall, will, may, do.
The classification of Verbs can be easily understood from the structure given below.
Time & Tense
Introduction: Tense is that form of a verb which shows the time and state of an action on event. It comes from Latin word tempus, meaning time. Tense is the change of form in a verb to express the time of an action. There are three principal tenses -
(i) The Present Tense: describes an action in the present time. Example: I go. He runs. They are walking.
(ii) The Past Tense: describes an action in the past time. Example: I went. He ran. They were playing.
(iii) The Future Tense: describes an action in the future time. Example: I shall go. He will run. They will be walking.
Each of these principal tenses has four forms - Indefinite, Continuous, Perfect and Perfect Continuous.
To understand Tense better, you should remember the conjugation of verb always.
Conjugation of verb (To Be)
Present Tense
Present Indefinite Tense
Singular Plural
I am We are
You are You are
He/ She/ lt is They are
Subject-verb Agreement
Introduction: Subject-Verb agreement is one of the most important topics in Grammar. It can be called the structure or the skeleton. For correct and confident English, you have to have a good understanding of this agreement. Subject- Verb agreement is based on two basic rules.
Rule 1:
SUBJECT is SINGULAR__________VERB is SINGULAR
(i) He writes poem. (Sing. Sub. Sing. Verb) Setting arrangement of underlined examples.doc
(ii) Vinay goes to office. (Sing. Sub. Sing. Verb)
Exception:
(i) With I, excluding am and was, there is always a Plural subject.
(ii) You always stakes a Plural subject.
Rule 2:
SUBJECT is PLURAL__________VERB is PLURAL
Let Us Check a Few Different Conditions Related to Subject-Verb Agreement.
1. If the subject of a sentence is singular noun, then it takes a singular verb.
(i) Kate is always punctual. (Sing. Noun Sing. Verb)
(ii) A visitor has come to see us. (Sing. Noun Sing. Verb)
2. If two singular nouns are joined with and then the verb is plural.
(i) Rahul and Anita have gone home. (Sing. Noun Sing. Noun Plural Verb)
(ii) A computer and a printer have been installed. (Sing. Noun Sing. Noun Plural Noun)
3. If two singular nouns are joined with and, but before them there is each every, etc., then it takes a singular verb.
Choose the word which is most similar in meaning (synonym) to the words given in bold.
Graphic
(a) Conspicuous
(b) Vivid
(c) Distinct
(d) Vague
(e) None of these
