Neutral florets : \[%\,\text{or}\,\oplus \,{{K}_{\text{0}}}\,{{C}_{\left( 5 \right)}}\,{{A}_{0}}\,{{G}_{0}}\]
Female flower :
Types of fruits
They are classified into three groups : Simple, aggregate and multiple or compound fruit.
Simple fruits : They are formed from mono-or polycarpellary but syncarpous ovary. They may be dry or fleshy.
(1) Simple dry fruits have thin, hard and dry, pericarp. They are of three kinds :
(i) Dehiscent or Capsular (ii) Achenial or Indehiscent (iii) Schizocarpic
(i) Dehiscent fruit : These fruits are dry, many seeded and split open at maturity. They are of following types :
Legume or Pod : It is characteristic of the family leguminosae; developed from monocarpellary unilocular superior ovary with marginal placentation. It can open or dehisces by both ventral and dorsal sutures. e.g., in Cicer arietinum (Gram); Pisum sativum (Pea) and Phaseolus mungo (Black gram).
Follicle : It is very much resembles the legume but on ripening it opens generally along the ventral suture. e.g., Calotropis, Larkspur, etc.
Siliqua : The fruit is developed from bicarpellary, syncarpous and superior ovary which bears ovules on two parietal placenta. The ovary is unilocular but later becomes bilocular due to the development of a false partition wall called replum. It dehisces from the base towards the apex by both the sutures e.g., In Brassica (Mustard) and is characteristic of the family Cruciferae.
Silicula : It is flattened and short in length from siliqua type, found in Iberis (Candytuft) and Capsella bursa (Shepherd’s purse).
Capsule : It is mono or polycarpellary, dry dehiscent, many seeded fruit which developes from a superior or inferior ovary. It dehisces in almost all the ways i.e., longitudinal and transverse, along both the sutures. Majority of capsules show longitudinal-dehiscence which again are of different types :
Loculicidal : Lines of dehiscence appear along the dorsal sutures, e.g., Gossypium herbacium (Cotton) and Abelmoschus esculentus (Lady’s finger).
Septicidal : Lines of dehiscence appear along the ventral sutures or septations of the ovaries e.g., in Viola (Pansy), Linseed (Linum).
Septifragel : Lines of dehiscence along irregular lines, but the seeds remain attached to the placenta, as in Datura stramonium (Thorn apple).
(ii) Achenial or Indehiscent fruits : These fruits do not burst at maturity but the seeds are liberated only by the decaying of the pericarp. These are of following types :
Achene : It is small, dry one seeded fruit which develops from a superior or inferior monocarpellary ovary. In this type, the pericarp is tough but thin and free from the seed coat, e.g., in Mirabilis (four o’clock more... 
Subfamily – Caesalpinoideae (Caesalpiniaceae)
Inflorescence : Raceme, umbel or a solitary flower.
Flower : Bracteate or ebracteate, pedicellate, hermaphrodite, complete, zygomorphic, hypogynous.
Calyx : Sepals 5, polysepalous, imbricate aestivation.
Corolla : Petals 5, polypetalous, ascending imbricate aestivation.
Androecium : 10 stamens, or staminodes are found as in Cassia, free filaments of unequal size, anther lobes bilocular, introrse, versatile.
Gynoecium : Monocarpellary, unilocular, ovary superior, marginal placentation, stigma capitate.
Fruit : Legume.
Floral formula : or
Subfamily – Mimosoideae (Mimosaceae)
Inflorescence : Head or capitulum or spike, flowers arranged in acropetal succession.
Flower : Bracteate or ebracteate, sessile, hermaphrodite, complete actinomorphic, hypogynous, pentamerous.
Calyx : 5 sepals (4 in Mimosa) gamosepalous, connate at the base, valvate aestivation, rarely imbricate (e.g., Parkia).
Corolla : 5 petals (4 in Mimosa) gamopetalous or polypetalous, membranous, valvate aestivation.
Androecium : In most of the members, stamens are indefinite and polyandrous. However, there are only 4 stamens in Mimosa pudica and 10 each in Prosopis and Dichrostachys. Filaments are long, usually connate at the base, sometimes they are coloured and gland dotted. Anthers are dithecous and introrse.
Gynoecium : Monocarpellary, unilocular, ovary superior, style long, cylindrical, stigma single and capitate, marginal placentation.
Fruit : Lomentum.
Floral formula :
Endospermic or Albuminous seed : In albuminous seeds, embryo not consumed all endosperm. So it persists in the mature seed. In these seeds food stored in endosperm. In monocot seed the membranous covering of :
Germination of seeds : The process by which the dormant embryo of the seed resumes active growth and grows into a new plant is known as germination.
Types of seed germination
Epigeal germination : In this type of germination, the cotyledons come above the surface of the soil into the air and light due to the rapid growth and elongation of the hypocotyl. The cotyledons turn green and finally dry up and fall off and seedling becomes an independent plant. Germination of seeds of Bean, Gourd, Castor, Cotton, etc. is of epigeal nature.
Hypogeal germination : In this type of germination, the cotyledons remain in the soil or just above the surface. In this case epicotyl elongates pushing the plumule upwards. The cotyledons do not turn green and gradually dry up and fall off. Common examples of hypogeal germination are the seeds of Pea, Mango, Groundnut, etc.
Viviparous germination : This is a special type of germination found in mangrove plants. The embryo grows not only out of the seed but also out of the fruit and projects from it in the form of a green seedling displaying root and hypocotyl. Due to its increasing weight the seedlings separate from the parent tree and falls into the mud or water and soon develops lateral roots. Vivipary is seen in Rhizophora and Sonneratia.
Factors for seed germination
External factors : Water, oxygen, suitable temperature.
Internal factors more... 
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