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Working With Microsoft Excel 2013   Introduction Microsoft Excel 2013 is a spreadsheet program that is used to manage, analyse and present data. Spreadsheet is an application software used for calculation based applications. In this application software, a user can edit and modify data and also calculates average, sum, difference, etc. A Spreadsheet contains rows and columns which forms many cells. There are 1, 048, 576 rows and 16, 384 columns in MS-Excel 2013. The Microsoft Excel opens with name, book 1, by default book 1 contain one sheet that can be renamed and additional worksheet can also be added in a work book 1. In the previous class, you have already read about some basic features of MS-Excel. In this chapter, we ?will study about the working with Microsoft Excel application software.   Entering Data in a Cell Every cell in a worksheet has its own address. The data in a cell is entered by selecting a cell and pressing F2 key or double clicking the selected cell. Press enter or tab key to move to the next cell. Press Alt + Enter key on the keyboard to apply a line break. For over writing data in a cell, press Enter key after writing new data in a cell.   Moving the Content in a Worksheet Moving the content from a selected range of cells into another location, move the contents to the new location. The cells must be selected using mouse or keyboard. You can use cut, copy and paste command to move or copy cells or their contents. To cut the selected range, right click the mouse and click on cut option from the drop down menu. Move the cursor at the corner of the first cell in which the item is to be moved. Now, click paste in the mouse right click drop down menu. Entire contents from the old location is moved into the new range of cells without leaving the old information. Whenever you copy or move a cell in Excel, it copies or moves the cell including formulas and their requesting values, cell formats and comments.   Deleting Data You can delete the entire content of a cell if the data is no longer needed. Deleting data does not remove any formatting applied to the new data.   To delete data:   v  Select the cell that contain the data you want to delete, and then press the delete key.     Filling a Range The smallest area in which data is entered is the cell of a worksheet. Series of numbers can be inserted in a range of cells by clicking, (Editing  Fill  Series command) or dragging the fill handle.     Fill Handle Fill Handle in a cell is appeared after clicking in the cell. The lower right corner of a cell has more...

Working With Microsoft PowerPoint 2013   Introduction Microsoft PowerPoint is an application software which is used to display the presentation. In Microsoft PowerPoint presentation, an audio, a video and pictures can be displayed on the screen. The PowerPoint presentations are generally used in business meetings and for training and educational purposes. We have already studied about some basic features the Microsoft PowerPoint in previous classes. In this chapter, we will study about some advanced feature of PowerPoint.   Creating New Presentations The presentation is a collection of individual slides that contains information on a topic.     To Create a presentation, follow the steps listed below:   v  Click on File menu.                                                 v  Select New option. v  The new presentation dialog box will appear. v  Click on blank presentation option or any of the template design. Shortcut key to create a new blank presentation is Ctrl + N.   Slide Basics A slide is an individual page of a presentation. Slides keeps attention of audience during a presentation and provide additional supporting information in textual or graphic format. Slides contain placeholders or areas on a slide that are enclosed by dotted borders. Placeholders can contain many different items, including text, pictures, and charts. Some placeholders have placeholder text, or text that you can replace, and thumbnail-sized icons that represent specific commands such as Insert Picture, Insert Chart, and Insert Clip Art. Hover over each icon to see the type of information you can insert.     To insert text into a placeholder:   v  Click inside the placeholder. The placeholder text will disappear, and the insertion point will appear. v  Type your text once the insertion point is visible. v  Click outside the placeholder when you have entered all of your text into the placeholder.   When you enter text or use the icons to insert items, the placeholder text and/or icons disappear as soon as you start typing.   About Slide Layouts The placeholders are arranged in different layouts that you can select when you insert a new slide or that can be applied to existing slides.   A slide layout arranges your slide content. Layouts contain different types of placeholders you can use, depending on what information you want to include in your presentation. Each layout has a descriptive name, but the image of the layout shows you how the placeholders are arranged on the slide. You can use layout by clicking Layout button in the Slides group.   Creating Graphics in a Slide PowerPoint allows the user to edit text and more...

Working With HTML   Introduction HTML stands for Hyper Text Markup Language and it is the most widely used language to design webpages. A web page is a digital page which comprises of multimedia. A group of webpages forms a website. HTML was developed with the intent of defining the structure of documents like heading, paragraphs, lists etc. HTML defines the structure and layout of a web document by using a variety of tags and attributes. When you save an HTML file, you can use either the .htm or the .html extension.   Tags An HTML tag is a set of characters constituting a formatted command for a web page. A web page consists of various types of tags to denote the various elements in an HTML document, HTML tags consists of a left angular bracket (<), a tag name and a right angular bracket (>). Tags are usually paired (e.g., <Tag>. and </Tag>) to start and end the tag instruction. The end tag looks like the start tag except a slash (/) precedes the text within the brackets.   Attributes Some elements may include an attribute which is additional information included inside the start tag. An attribute defines the characteristics of an HTML element. For example, you can specify the alignment of text (right, left or center) by including the appropriate attribute with the image source HTML code.   Headings Headings are used to arrange the contents in a systematic way. HTML has six levels of headings, number 1 to 6, with 1 being the largest. Headings are typically displayed in larger and / or bolder fonts than normal body text. The first heading in each document should be tagged <H>.   Syntax <Hn> Heading/sub-Heading </Hn>   Where n is a number between 1 and 6 specifying the level of the headings?   Some Tags in HTML Every HTML document contains certain standard HTML tags. They are as follows:   v  HTML Tag v  Head tag v  Title tag v  Body tag     HTML Tag The HTML element tells your browser that the file contains HTML coded information. The file extension .html also indicates this on HTML document and must be used. It comes in a pair <HTML> and <HTML>   Syntax   <HTML> ________ ________ </HTML>     HEAD Tag The Head element identifies the first part of your HTML coded document that contains the title. It contains title tag. It also comes with opening and closing tags <HEAD> and </HEAD>   Syntax <HTML> <HEAD> _________ _________ </HEAD> </HTML>      Title Tag The Title tag contains your document title and identifies its content in a global context. The title is typically displayed in the title bar at the top of the browser window, but not inside the window. The title is also what is more...

    Alpha-Numeric Sequence Such type of puzzle is a jumbled sequence of numbers, letters and symbols. A puzzle is given and a student is asked how many times a number/letter/symbol follows a certain rule or which number/letter/symbol follows a certain rule.     EXAMPLE     1. How many such digits are there in the given arrangement each of which is immediately preceded by a symbol but not immediately followed by a letter? (a) Nil                            (b) One                          (c) Two                          (d) Three   Explanation (b): So, the correct option is (b).     Number, Ranking and Time Sequence Test   Number Test: In problems on Number Test, a sequence of numbers is given and a student is asked similar type of questions as asked in Alpha-Numeric Sequence Puzzle.   Ranking Test: In Ranking based problems, usually the ranks of one or two persons from the top and from the bottom are mentioned. A student requires either total number of persons or rank of a person.     2.  In a row of girls, Beena is eighth from the left end and Priya is seventeenth from the right end. If they interchange their positions, Beena becomes twelfth from the left end. How many girls are there in the row? (a) 25                            (b) 24                            (c) 29                            (d) 28   Explanation (d): Let the point where Priya initially was be A. Initially position of A from the right =17 After interchanging, position of A from the left =12th                                       ; Obviously, the position of the point A is fixed. So, number of girls in all = 17 + 12 - 1 =28     TIME SEQUENCE TEST To solve Time based problems, the following information?s are very useful. In every 1 hour, the hour hand rotates 30° and the minute hand rotates 360°.  The month of February has minimum number of days. These are 28 or 29.  1 year = 365 or 366 days.  The year which is divisible by 4 is called a leap year. For example, year 2012 is a leap year.  A century which is divisible by 400 is called a leap year. For example, 2000 is a leap year but 2100 is not.  There are 29 days in February of the leap year. There are 366 days in a leap year and 365 days in a non-leap year or ordinary year.           1 century = 100 years.     3.  If 25th of August in a year is Thursday, then the number of Mondays in that month is ______. (a) more...

There are four fundamental operations. These are addition\[\left( + \right)\], subtraction\[\left( - \right)\], multiplication \[\left( \times  \right)\]and division\[\left( \div  \right)\]. Whenever two or more of these operations occur simultaneously, we overcome on such complex situation by applying the "B O D M A S' rule. This chapter is on the basis of the 'B O D M A S' rule. Let us explain this rule briefly. B \[\to \] Bracket, P \[\to \] Of, D \[\to \] Division, M \[\to \] Multiplication, A \[\to \] Addition, S \[\to \] Subtraction We solve an expression first for 'bracket' (if available), then for 'of (if available). This process goes up to subtraction.     EXAMPLE   Which one of the following interchanges in signs and numbers would make the equation \[3+7\times 4=25\] true?                    (a) \[3\text{ }and\text{ }4,+\,and\times ~~\]                                (b) \[3\text{ }and\text{ }7,+\text{ }and\text{ }x\] (c) \[4\text{ }and\text{ }7,+\text{ }and\text{ }\times ~\]                            (d) None of these   Explanation (b): Let us consider option (b) \[3+7\times 4=25\] becomes \[7\times 3+4=25\] or 21 + 4 = 25 or 25 = 25, which is true. So, the correct option is (b).

In this chapter, problems are based on numbers of lines, triangles, quadrilaterals etc. in a complex figure. To count the number of lines, add all the horizontal, vertical and slanting lines. To count the number of triangles, add all the number of triangles composed of 1 component, 2 components, 3 components and so on. The same process is for counting the number of other polygons.     EXAMPLE    Count the number of squares in the given figure. (a) 7                              (b) 6                              (c) 9                              (d) 10   Explanation (a): The squares composed of two components each are ABCK, CDEL, JKHI, HLFG and KCLH, i.e. 5 in number. The squares composed of four components each are ACHJ and CEFH, i.e. 2 in number.  Total number of squares in the figure =5+2=7.

  MIRROR IMAGE Suppose someone stands in front of a plane mirror. If he lifts his left hand, the image in the mirror shows his right hand and vice-versa. The left half of a body becomes right half of its mirror image and right half becomes left half. Remember that in the problems on mirror images, if not mentioned, the mirror is assumed to be placed to vertically right of the object.     EXAMPLE     1.  Choose the correct mirror image of the Fig. (X).         (a)              (b)              (c)              (d)   Explanation (d): The right side of an object becomes left side of its image in the mirror.   WATER IMAGE The water image of an object is the vertically inverted (upside down) image of the object. The position of the water layer is horizontally just below the object.     2.   Select the water image of the given word. E M A N A T E (a)           (b) E A T E M A N          (c)            (d) E T A N A M E   Explanation (a): The lower side of an object becomes the upper side of its water image.  

  In this section, usually two types of problems are asked. Let us explain them briefly.
  • A simple figure (X) is provided. This figure (X) is embedded in any one of the four alternative complex figures. A student is required to identify such alternative.
  • A complex figure (X) is provided. This figure embeds any one of the option simple figures. A student is required to identify such option.
  EXAMPLE     1.  A figure (X) is given below. Choose a figure from the four options that exactly embeds the figure (X).                  (a)                 (b)                  (c)                  (d)   Explanation (c): Figure (c) embeds the figure (X). Look at below: So, the correct option is (c).   Figure Formation This section deals with the following types of problems: I.    Formation of a Figure from its Segments: In such type of problems, all the parts to form a figure are given. A student is required to identify the figure so formed out of the four options. II.  Choosing a Pattern which has the same components as a given pattern: In such type of problems, a pattern of several components is given. A pattern out of four options contains the same components. A student is required to choose such pattern.     2.  Which of the figures (a), (b), (c) and (d) can be formed from the pieces given in Fig. (X)?               (a)                 (b)                 (c)                 (d)   Explanation (d): Only figure (d) can be formed from the pieces given in Fig. (X).     3.   Select from the options in which the specified components of the given Fig. (X) are found.                        (a)                  (b)                 (c)                  (d)   Explanation (a): Figure (a) consists of all the components of figure (X).   Construction of Squares Such type of problems are on the basis of the geometrical figures. A group of some geometrical figures is provided. A student is required to identify that members of the group which can more...

In such type of problems, a  orgrid is given. Each cell of this grid has some design or symbols, on the basis of some specific rule. But a cell of the grid is left empty. A student is required to fill up the cell. For it one needs to analyse the grid and identify the rule along row-wise or column-wise in the grid.     EXAMPLE    Find out which figure in given option completes the figure matrix. (a)                  (b)                  (c)                   (d)   Explanation (a): In each row, the third figure is the combination of the first and second figure.

Folding a Transparent Sheet In such type of problems, a figure of transparent sheet carrying a design on it is given. There is a dotted line on this sheet. This sheet has to be folded along the dotted line. A student is required to identify a figure from given options that looks as after folding the sheet.     EXAMPLE   1.  A square transparent sheet (X), with a design and a dotted line on it is given. Choose the correct figure from the four options which represents the sheet (X) after folding it along the dotted line.                 (a)                 (b)                 (c)                 (d)   Explanation (b): Clearly, the right half of the sheet (X) is put on the left half. The combination of the design in left half and mirror image of the design in the right half will appear on the folded sheet. This combination is shown in figure (b). So, the correct option is (b).     Cutting a Folded Paper In such type of problems, a paper is folded twice or thrice. Then one or more pieces of it are cut. After this the paper is absolutely unfolded. In this situation the paper has many cuts or holes on it. So, it contains a pattern. A student is required to identify a figure from given four options that shows the similar paper sheet as the pattern made. Usually, the paper sheet is folded along the dotted lines marked on it. And arrows show the directions of the folds.     2.  There are three figures marked X, Y and Z on a circular paper. Figures X and Y show the two consecutive folds of the paper. And figure Z shows the cuts on the folded paper. Choose one figure from the four options that resembles the unfolded form of the sheet Z. (a)                 (b)                (c)                (d)   Explanation (b): In figure (X), the circular sheet of paper has been folded along the vertical line of symmetry so that the left half of the sheet overlaps the right half. In figure (Y), the sheet is folded further to a quarter. In figure (Z), the paper is cut along the design. Clearly, the design will be created in each quarter of the paper. Thus, when the paper is unfolded, a design will appear symmetrically over it and the paper will then appear as shown in figure (b).      So, the correct option is more...


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