Current Affairs 7th Class

    Cuboid: Cuboid is a uniform solid which has 6 faces, 8 corners and 12 edges.     Cube: Cube is a cuboid which has identical faces.     Dice: A dice is a cube whose each face contains dots or numbers from 1 to 6.     EXAMPLE     1.  Count the number of cubes in the given figure.        (a) 8                              (b) 10                            (c) 12                            (d) 16   Explanation (b): Number of cubes in the bottom layer = 6 Number of cubes in the middle layer = 3 Number of cubes in the topmost layer = 1  Total number of cubes So, the correct option is (b).     2.  Study the two positions of a dice given below. What number will be opposite to the face bearing number 2?      (a) 4                              (b) 3                              (c) 6                              (d) 5   Explanation (d): First figure shows that faces bearing 1 and 3 are adjacent faces of the face bearing 2. So they cannot be opposite to 2. From second figure: 3 is on the top. So 2 cannot be at the bottom. 1 is at the front. So 2 cannot be at the back. Clearly, only one face of this (2nd figure) dice is remaining. Hence it must be 2. Therefore, 5 is opposite to 2. So, the correct option is (d).     3.  The sheet of paper shown in the fig. (X), is folded to form a box. Choose box(es) from the options, that is similar to the box(es) that are formed.               (a) 2 and 3 only              (b) 1, 3 and 4 only          (c) 1, 2 and 3 only          (d) 1 and 4 only   Explanation (c): After folding the fig. (X), we get the box whose opposite faces are: No rotation of the box is formed appears as shown in the figure 4. So, the correct option is (c).

  DOT SITUATION In such type of problems, one or more dot(s) is (are) placed somewhere in the region enclosed in between geometrical figures such as triangle, square, rectangle, circle, etc. A student is required to identify one alternative figure which has the same region(s) as the region(s) marked by dot(s) in the given figure.     EXAMPLE     Select a figure from the four options that has the same conditions of the placement of the dots as in Fig. (X). (a)               (b)                (c)            (d)   Explanation (b): We require a figure amongst the four options that has: 1. A region lying in square and triangle only. 2. A region lying in square and circle only.                                        Such two conditions are available in option (b) only.                     Let us illustrate it with the diagram:   

Series Completion   A series is a uniform set of one or more digits, letters, figures, etc. in which terms follow a certain rule. To complete a series or identify a term, student is required to identify the rule on which the given series has been formed. Let us illustrate readers with the help of examples and their explained answers.   EXAMPLE   1. Choose the missing term to complete the given series. 3, 5, 10, 12, 24, 26, 52,? (a) 104 (b) 102 (c) 54 (d) 50   Explanation (c): We observe that 2nd term 3rd term 4th term 5th term Clearly the pattern is: So, 8th (required) term Hence the correct option is (c).   2.  Five consecutive figures P, Q, R, S and T given below form a series by using a definite rule. Select a figure from the options to continue the series.             (a) (b) (c) (d)   Explanation (d): In P and Q, the two elements interchange positions and the smaller element gets enlarged while the larger element gets reduced in size. In the next step, the smaller element is replaced by a new small element and the larger element is replaced by a new large element. These two steps occur alternately. Inserting the missing character A pattern is a set of number or a set of figures in which a number/letter is missing. To identify the missing number/letter a student is required to decipher the pattern. The following example would be helpful for pattern based problems.   3. Which number will replace the question mark (?) ? (a) 21 (b) 23 (c) 26 (d) 27   Explanation (c): From figure (i): From figure (ii): From figure (iii): Hence the number 26 will replace the question mark.

Analogy In such type of problems, a particular relationship is followed between two pairs of letters, words, numbers, group of numbers, group of letters given on the either side of (::). Student has to identify the relationship and choose the correct answer from the given four options followed by the question.   EXAMPLE   1.  Which number completes the second pair in the same way as the first pair? 120 : 12 :: ? : 4 (a) 40 (b) 30 (c) 20 (d) 10   Explanation (a): In the first pair, 1st number number. Similarly, in the 2nd pair, 1st number Thus, the required number = 40 So the correct option is (a).   2.  Which figure will complete the second pair in the same way as the first pair?   (a) (b) (c) (d)   Explanation (b): Each one of the upper elements is replaced by an element similar to the lower element(s) and each one of the lower elements is replaced by an element similar to the upper element(s). So, the correct option is (b).   Classification We classify various items into a group on the basis of their common properties. These items may be numbers, letters, figures, things, places etc. In such type of problems, some items are given. All these items except one are similar in some manner. A student is required to identify the odd one out. Let us illustrate problems with the help of examples.   3.  Find the odd one out. (a) 27 (b) 42 (c) 39 (d) 33   Explanation (b): Except 42, all other are odd natural numbers. So, the correct option is (b).   4.  Choose the figure which is different from the rest. (a) (b) (c)  (d)     Explanation (d): Except   , all other are formed from two straight lines. So, the correct option is (d).

  WHAT IS CODING? Coding is a method of expressing something in secret way.   WHAT IS DECODING? Decoding is a process to understand a coded language.   TYPES OF CODING 1. Letter Coding: Letters are used in forward or backward or both the directions for making some code language. 2. Direct Letter Coding: Letters of a word are directly replaced by other letters. 3. Number/Symbol Coding: Numerals or symbols are assigned to words. 4. Substitution Coding: Some particular words are assigned to certain names.     EXAMPLE   In a certain code, if the word 'ROAD' is coded as 'WTFI', then the word for the code 'GJFY' is (a) REAP                                   (b) TAKE                                   (c) BEAT                                   (d) LATE   Explanation (c): Each letter of the word is five steps behind the corresponding letter of the code. Thus, we have: So, BEAT is coded as GJFY. Hence, the correct option is (c).

In this section, problems are based on blood relations. The process of solving these problems (puzzles) depends upon the deep knowledge of blood relations. The common relations are: Father, Mother, Grandparents/Wife, Husband, Son, Daughter, Grandchild, Sister, Brother, etc.   Remarks: 1. Relatives on the mother's side are called 'maternal'. For example, mother's brother is called maternal uncle. 2. Relatives on the father's side are called 'paternal'. For example, father's brother is called paternal uncle. 3. Assume a relation as paternal relation, unless stated otherwise.   HOW TO SOLVE PROBLEMS To solve problems, find right gender of required relation and eliminate all wrong choices if any. Also, find generation gaps to solve quickly. You can solve by drawing a generation diagram. For this put lower generation below the upper generation and mention M (or m) and F (or f) within bracket for male and female respectively. Please notice that you have to find someone's gender from his/her name.     EXAMPLE     Introducing Kartik, Mohit says, "I am the son of the only son of his grandfather." How Mohit is related to Kartik? (a) Brother                                 (b) Nephew        (c) Son                          (d) Uncle   Explanation (a): The only son of Kartik's grandfather is Kartik's father. The son of Kartik's father is Kartik's brother, that is, Mohit. Therefore, Mohit is Kartik's brother. So, the correct option is (a).

  MAIN DIRECTIONS     There are four main directions viz. East, West, North and South. East and West as well as North and South are opposite to each other as shown below. The sun always rises in the East and sets in the West.   Four Other Directions: There are four other directions which lie in between the four main directions. These are: North-East (N-E); North-West (N-W); South-East (S-E); South-West (S-W). Let us show these four directions with the main four directions on a plane paper.   Two Cyclic Directions: There are two cyclic directions namely clockwise and anti-clockwise. The direction of moving as clock's hands is called clockwise direction while its opposite direction is called anti-clockwise direction as shown below.       EXAMPLE     Mohit walks 6 km to the East and then turns to the South and walks 5 km. Again he turns to the East and walks 6 km. Next, he turns northwards and walks 10 km. How far is he now from his starting point? (a) 5 km                        (b) 12 km                       (c) 13 km                       (d) 17 km   Explanation (c): Mohit starts from A and walks 6 km East upto B, turns southwards and moves 5 km upto C. At C, he turns to the East and walks 6 km upto D. He then turns northwards and walks 10 km upto E. Now, draw BO and AE.                             Clearly, BO = CD = 6 km                       AO = (AB + BO) = (6 + 6) km = 12 km                          Mohit's distance from the starting point A      

  Logical Venn Diagrams Venn diagram is a pictorial representation of classes representing items and their common properties. We usually use circles to draw a Venn diagram. A Venn diagram consists of two or more circles. Circles may or may not have some common regions according as the respective classes do or do not have common properties amongst them. Note that the given statements are taken to be true disregarding commonly known facts. Let us illustrate the concept of Venn diagrams with the following examples.     EXAMPLE     1.  Which of the following figures represents the relation between 'Parrots', 'Birds' and 'Crows' ? (a)              (b)              (c)           (d)   Explanation (b): Parrots and crows are different from one another. So, the Venn diagram of these two would be as follows: Further, both parrots and crows are birds. So, the final Venn diagram is: So, the correct option is (b).     2.  Direction (I-II): Study the diagram given below and answer the following questions based on it. I.  What does letter D represent? (a) Uneducated women in villages (b) Unemployed women in villages who are not educated (c) Educated unemployed women (d) Educated employed women   Explanation (b): Letter D lies inside the triangle and square only. So, D represents unemployed women in villages. Also, D lies outside the circle. So, D represents uneducated women. Hence, D represents unemployed women in villages who are not educated. So, the correct option is (b).   II.  Educated unemployed women in cities are represented by _______. (a) E and F                    (b) D                             (c) F                              (d) G and E   Explanation (c): Only the letter F represents educated unemployed women in cities.         So, the correct option is (c).

   Points to Keep in Mind While Writing Notice   (i) To the point A good notice is always to the point and leaves no scope for further enquiries.   (ii) Language Language of notice should always be formal.   (iii) Necessary details A notice should contain all the necessary details such as: 1.       Name of the issuing agency (school, etc.) 2.       Subject and date of issue/release of the notice 3.       Event (what?) 4.       Date/time/duration (when?) 5.       Place/Venue (where?) 6.       Authorized signatory: Name and signature   (iv) Setting     Notice should always be enclosed in a box.                Format   Below given is the format usually followed in writing notices.                                                                                                                                                                                   Date (dd/ mm/yy) ABC School Notice Heading Body                                                                                                                                                                                                Name                                                                                                                                                                                          Designation         Example: Your school is going to celebrate its annual day. Write a notice to the school notice board informing the students about it. Give all necessary details.   Modern School                                                                                                                  15th September, 2011 Delhi Notice   Annual Day Celebration   It is hereby informed that school is going to celebrate its annual day as per schedule   Date                                                                                                                      - 25th September, 2011 Time                                                                                                                      - 4 PM to 9 PM Venue                                                                                                                  - School Auditorium Chief Guest                                                                                                                   -   Chief Minister of Delhi You all are cordially invited on this occasion.   Vishal Monitor       Points to keep in mind: (i) Always write notice in a box (ii) Don't use pronoun (iii) Be precise and concise (iv) Highlight date, time, venue, etc. (v) Don't cross the word limit (50 words)             A notice is given with four blanks I, II, III and IV which should be filled by the statements given as P, Q, R and S. This notice is for the school notice board to more...

           Introduction A notice is written in order to inform people or pupils (in a school) about an event or an activity. It can be about a competition, an exhibition, an inauguration to take place in near future, or any other activities like an excursion, a meeting or a show.